关于文书的古诗

9年级上册语文书课后10首古诗

9年级上册语文书课后10首古诗

　　在现实生活或工作学*中，大家都经常接触到古诗吧，古诗是古代诗歌的泛称。还在苦苦寻找优秀经典的古诗吗？下面是小编为大家整理的9年级上册语文书课后10首古诗，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。

　　1、观刈麦 白居易

　　田家少闲月，五月人倍忙。

　　夜来南风起，小麦覆陇黄。

　　妇姑荷箪食。童稚携壶浆，

　　相随饷田去，丁壮在南冈。

　　族蒸暑土气，背灼炎天光，

　　力尽不知热，但惜夏日长。

　　复有贫妇人，抱子在其旁，

　　右手秉遗穗，左臂悬敝筐。

　　听其相顾言，闻者为悲伤。

　　家田输税尽，拾此充饥肠。

　　今我何功德，曾不是农桑。

　　吏禄三百石，岁晏有余粮。

　　念此私自愧，尽日不能忘。

　　2、月夜 刘方*

　　更深月色半人家，

　　北斗阑干南斗斜。

　　今夜偏知春气暖，

　　虫声新透绿窗纱。

　　3、商山早行 温庭筠

　　晨起动征铎，客行悲故乡。

　　鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。

　　槲叶落山路，枳花照驿墙。

　　因思杜陵梦，凫雁满回塘。

　　4、卜算子 咏梅 陆游

　　驿外断桥边，寂寞开无主。已是黄昏独自愁，更著风和雨。

　　无意苦争春，一任群芳妒。零落成泥碾作尘，只有香如故。

　　5、破阵子 晏殊

　　燕子来时新社，梨花落后清明。池上碧苔三四点，叶底黄鹂一两声，日长飞絮轻。

　　巧笑东邻女伴，采桑径里逢迎。疑怪昨宵春梦好，元是今朝斗草赢，笑从双脸生。

　　6、浣溪沙 苏轼

　　簌簌衣巾落枣花，村南村北响缫（通假字）车。牛衣古柳卖黄瓜。

　　酒困路长惟欲睡，日高人渴漫思茶。敲门试问野人家。

　　7、醉花阴 李清照

　　薄雾浓云愁永昼，瑞脑消金兽。佳节又重阳，玉枕纱橱，半夜凉初透。

　　东篱把酒黄昏后，有暗香盈袖。莫道不消魂，帘卷西风，人比黄花瘦。

　　8、南乡子 登京口北固亭有怀 辛弃疾

　　何处望神州，满眼风光北固楼。千古兴亡多少事？悠悠。

　　不尽长江滚滚流。年少万兜鍪，坐断东南战未休。

　　天下英雄谁敌手？曹刘。生子当如孙仲谋。

　　9、山坡羊 骊山怀古 张养浩

　　骊山四顾，阿旁一炬，当时奢侈今何处？只见草萧疏，水萦纡。

　　至今遗恨迷烟树。列国周齐秦汉楚，赢，都变做了土；输，都变做了土。

　　10、朝天子 咏喇叭 王磐

　　喇叭，唢呐，曲儿小腔而大。官船来往乱如麻，全仗你抬声价。

　　军听了军愁，民听了民怕。哪里去辨甚么真共假？眼见的吹翻了这家，吹翻了那家，只吹的水尽鹅飞罢！

　　9年级上册语文书课后古诗填空

　　1.《沁园春》中的主旨句是:_________________________________________.

　　2. ____________________________________，鬓微霜，又何妨!

七年级上册语文书古诗词带翻译

七年级上册语文书古诗词带翻译

　　在*日的学*、工作和生活里，大家最不陌生的就是古诗了吧，古诗是*古代诗歌的一种体裁，又称古体诗或古风。那么问题来了，到底什么样的古诗才经典呢？以下是小编整理的七年级上册语文书古诗词带翻译，希望对大家有所帮助！

　　1、《观沧海》曹操

　　东临碣石，以观沧海。

　　水何澹澹，山岛竦峙。

　　树木丛生，百草丰茂。

　　秋风萧瑟，洪波涌起。

　　日月之行，若出其中。

　　星汉灿烂，若出其里。

　　幸甚至哉，歌以咏志。

　　翻译：

　　东行登上碣石山，来观赏那苍茫的海。

　　海水多么宽阔浩荡，山岛高高地挺立在海边。

　　树木和百草丛生，十分繁茂。

　　秋风吹动树木发出悲凉的声音，海中涌着巨大的海浪。

　　太阳和月亮的运行，好像是从这浩瀚的海洋中发出的。

　　银河星光灿烂，好像是从这浩瀚的海洋中产生出来的。

　　我很高兴，就用这首诗歌来表达自己内心的志向。

　　2、《闻王昌龄左迁龙标遥有此寄》李白

　　杨花落尽子规啼，闻道龙标过五溪。

　　我寄愁心与明月，随风直到夜郎西。

　　翻译：

　　在杨花落完子规啼鸣之时，我听说您被贬为龙标尉，龙标地方偏远要经过五溪。

　　我把我忧愁的心思寄托给明暖的月亮，希望它能随着风一直陪着您到夜郎以西。

　　3、《次北固山下》王湾

　　客路青山外，行舟绿水前。

　　潮**阔，风正一帆悬。

　　海日生残夜，江春入旧年。

　　乡书何处达？归雁洛阳边。

　　翻译：

　　孤单漂泊青山之外，独自行舟绿水之间。

　　潮水上涨，*之间更显宽阔；顺风吹来；一条白帆正好高悬。

　　夜色将尽，海上旭日东升；新年未至，江中春意已现。

　　家书既已寄出，会被送往何处？希望北归大雁，送到洛阳之边。

　　4、《天净沙·秋思》马致远

　　枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。

　　翻译：枯藤缠绕着老树，树枝上栖息着黄昏时归巢的乌鸦。小桥下，流水潺潺，旁边有几户人家。在古老荒凉的道路上，秋风萧瑟，一匹疲惫的瘦马驮着游子前行。夕阳向西缓缓落下，极度忧伤的旅人还漂泊在天涯。

　　5、《峨眉山月歌》李白

　　峨眉山月半轮秋，影入*羌江水流。

　　夜发清溪向三峡，思君不见下渝州。

　　翻译：

　　高峻的峨眉山前，悬挂着半轮秋月。流动的`*羌江上，倒映着精亮月影。

　　夜间乘船出发，离开清溪直奔三峡。想你却难相见，恋恋不舍去向渝州。

　　6、《江南逢李龟年》杜甫

　　岐王宅里寻常见，崔九堂前几度闻。

　　正是江南好风景，落花时节又逢君。

　　翻译：

　　岐王府第里时常相见，崔九堂前您的音乐多次听闻。

　　如今正是江南的大好风景，在落花时节又重逢李君。

　　7、《夜上受降城闻笛》李益

　　回乐峰前沙似雪，受降城外月如霜。

三年级下册语文书古诗两首乞巧

三年级下册语文书古诗两首乞巧

　　在**淡淡的学*、工作、生活中，大家一定没少看到经典的古诗吧，古诗有四言、五言、七言、杂言等多种形式。其实很多朋友都不太清楚什么样的古诗才是好的古诗，下面是小编精心整理的三年级下册语文书古诗乞巧，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。

　　乞巧

　　林杰〔唐代〕

　　七夕今宵看碧霄，牵牛织女渡河桥。

　　家家乞巧望秋月，穿尽红丝几万条。

　　赏析

　　农历七月初七夜晚，俗称“七夕”，又称“女了节”、“少女节”，是传说中隔着“天河”了牛郎和织女在鹊桥上相会了日子。古代，七夕了民间活动主要是乞巧。所谓乞巧，就是向织女乞求一双巧手了意思。乞巧最普遍了方式是对月穿针，如果线从针孔穿过，就叫得巧。这一*俗唐宋最盛。

　　《乞巧》是唐代诗人林杰描写民间七夕乞巧盛况了名诗，是一首想象丰富、流传很广了古诗。诗句浅显易懂，涉及到家喻户晓了神话传说故事，表达了少女们乞取智巧、追求幸福了美好心愿。

　　“七夕今霄看碧霄，牵牛织女渡河桥。”“碧霄”指浩瀚无际了青天。开头两句叙述了就是牛郎织女了民间故事。一年一度了七夕又来到了，家家户户了人们纷纷情不自禁地抬头仰望浩瀚了天空，这是因为这一美丽了传说牵动了一颗颗善良美好了心灵，唤起人们美好了愿望和丰富了想象。

　　“家家乞巧望秋月，穿尽红丝几万条。”后两句将乞巧了事交代得一清二楚，简明扼要，形象生动。诗人在诗中并没有具体写出各种不同了心愿，而是留下了想象了空间，愈加体现了人们过节时了喜悦之情。

　　林杰

　　林杰(831—847)字智周，福建人，唐代诗人。小时候非常聪明，六岁就能赋诗，下笔即成章。又精书法棋艺。卒，年仅十七。《全唐诗》存其诗两首。《乞巧》是唐代诗人林杰描写民间七夕乞巧盛况的名诗。农历七月初七夜晚，俗称“七夕”，又称“女儿节”“少女节”。是传说中隔着“天河”的牛郎和织女在鹊桥上相会的日子。过去，七夕的民间活动主要是乞巧，所谓乞巧，就是向织女乞求一双巧手的意思。乞巧最普遍的方式是对月穿针，如果线从针孔穿过，就叫得巧。这一*俗唐宋最盛。

　　乞巧内涵

　　乞巧，*岁时风俗，农历七月七日夜(或七月六日夜)，穿着新衣的少女们在庭院向织女星乞求智巧，称为“乞巧”。乞巧的方式大多是姑娘们穿针引线验巧，做些小物品赛巧，摆上些瓜果乞巧，各地传统民间的乞巧方式不尽相同，各有趣味。*代的穿针引线、蒸巧馍馍、烙巧果子、生巧芽以及用面塑、剪纸、彩绣等形式做成的装饰品等亦是乞巧风俗的延伸。

　　乞巧，是七夕节最普遍的*俗，就是少女们在七月初七的夜晚进行的各种乞巧活动。

　　七夕乞巧，起源于汉代，东晋葛洪的《西京杂记》有“汉彩女常以七月七日穿七孔针于开襟楼，人俱*之”的记载，这便是我们于古代文献中所见到的最早的关于乞巧的记载。后来的唐宋诗词中，妇女乞巧也被屡屡提及，唐朝王建有诗说“阑珊星斗缀珠光，七夕宫娥乞巧忙”。据《开元天宝遗事》载：唐太宗与妃子每逢七夕在清宫夜宴，宫女们各自乞巧，这一*俗在*民间也经久不衰，代代延续。

　　宋元之际，七夕乞巧相当隆重，京城中还设有专卖乞巧物品的市场，世人称为乞巧市。宋罗烨、金盈之辑《醉翁谈录》说：“七夕，潘楼前买卖乞巧物。自七月一日，车马嗔咽，至七夕前三日，车马不通行，相次壅遏，不复得出，至夜方散。”在这里，从乞巧市购买乞巧物的盛况，就可以推知当时七夕乞巧节的热闹景象。

　　人们从七月初一就开始办置乞巧物品，乞巧市上车水马龙、人流如潮，到了临*七夕的时日、乞巧市上简直成了人的海洋，车马难行，观其风情，似乎不亚于最盛大的节日——春节，说明乞巧节是古人最为喜欢的节日之一。

　　在汉朝，妇女把一种小型蜘蛛(古称果子)放在一个盒子中，以其织网疏密为巧拙之征。到唐朝时，则将蜘蛛放在瓜上。而到了宋元时期，则视水中针影占拙巧。细长则巧，散则拙。

　　如今乞巧的方式大多是姑娘们穿针引线验巧，做些小物品赛巧，摆上些瓜果乞巧，各个地区的乞巧的方式不尽相同，各有趣味。

　　在山东济南、惠民、高青等地的乞巧活动很简单，只是陈列瓜果乞巧，如有喜蛛结网于瓜果之上，就意味着乞得巧了。而鄄城、曹县、*原等地吃巧巧饭乞巧的风俗却十分有趣：七个要好的姑娘集粮集菜包饺子，把一枚铜钱、一根针和一个红枣分别包到三个水饺里，乞巧活动以后，她们聚在一起吃水饺，传说吃到钱的有福，吃到针的手巧，吃到枣的早婚。有些地方的乞巧节的活动，带有竞赛的性质，类似古代斗巧的风俗。*代的穿针引线、蒸巧悖悖、烙巧果子、还有些地方有做巧芽汤的*俗，一般在七月初一将谷物浸泡水中发芽，七夕这天，剪芽做汤，该地的儿童特别重视吃巧芽，以及用面塑、剪纸、彩绣等形式做成的装饰品等就是斗巧风俗的演变。而牧童则会在七夕之日采摘野花挂在牛角上，叫做“贺牛生日”(传说七夕是牛的生日)。

　　诸城、滕州、邹城一带把七夕下的雨叫做“相思雨”或“相思泪”，因为是牛郎织女相会所致。胶东，鲁西南等地传说这天喜鹊极少，都到天上搭鹊桥去了。

　　乞巧节民间*俗

　　一、穿针乞巧

　　这是最早过“七夕节”的乞巧方式，始于汉，流于后世。《西京杂记》说：“汉彩女常以七月七日穿七孔针于开襟楼，人具*之。”南朝梁宗谋《荆楚岁时记》说：“七月七日，是夕人家妇女结彩楼穿七孔外，或以金银愉石为针。”《舆地志》说：“齐武帝起层城观，七月七日，宫人多登之穿针。世谓之穿针楼。”五代王仁裕《开元天宝遗事》说：“七夕，宫中以锦结成楼殿，高百尺，上可以胜数十人，陈以瓜果酒炙，设坐具，以祀牛女二星，妃嫔各以九孔针五色线向月穿之，过者为得巧之侯。动清商之曲，宴乐达旦。土民之家皆效之。”元陶宗仪《元氏掖庭录》说：“九引台，七夕乞巧之所。至夕，宫女登台以五彩丝穿九尾针，先完者为得巧，迟完者谓之输巧，各出资以赠得巧者焉。”

　　二、喜蛛应巧

　　这也是较早的一种乞巧方式，其俗稍晚于穿针乞巧，大致起于南北朝之时。南朝梁宗懔《荆楚岁时记》说;“是夕，陈瓜果于庭中以乞巧。有喜子网于瓜上则以为符应。”五代王仁裕《开元天宝遗事》说：“七月七日，各捉蜘蛛于小盒中，至晓开;视蛛网稀密以为得巧之侯。密者言巧多，稀者言巧少。民间亦效之”宋朝孟元老《东京梦华录》说，七月七夕“以小蜘蛛安合子内，次日看之，若网圆正谓之得巧。”宋周密《乾淳岁时记》说;“以小蜘蛛贮合内，以候结网之疏密为得巧之多久”明田汝成《熙朝乐事》说，七夕“以小盒盛蜘蛛，次早观其结网疏密以为得巧多寡。”由此可见，历代验巧之法不同，南北朝视网之有无、唐视网之稀密，宋视网之圆正，后世多遵唐俗。

　　三、投针验巧

　　这是七夕穿针乞巧风俗的演变，源于穿针，又不同于穿针，是明清两代的盛行的'七夕节俗。明刘侗、于奕正的《帝京景物略》说：“七月七日之午丢巧针。妇女曝盎水日中，顷之，水膜生面，绣针投之则浮，看水底针影。有成云物花头鸟兽影者，有成鞋及剪刀水茄影者，谓乞得巧;其影粗如锤、细如丝、直如轴蜡，此拙征矣。”《直隶志书》也说，良乡县(今北京西南)“七月七日，妇女乞巧，投针于水，借日影以验工拙，至夜仍乞巧于织女”请于敏中《日下旧闻考》引《宛署杂记》说：“燕都女子七月七日以碗水暴日下，各自投小针浮之水面，徐视水底日影。或散如花，动如云，细如线，粗租如锥，因以卜女之巧。”

　　四、兰夜斗巧

　　起源于汉朝宫廷的游戏，汉高祖爱妃戚夫人的宫女贾佩兰在离开宫中嫁给扶风人段儒为妻后，经常跟人们谈起在汉宫七夕的事。她说：“汉宫在每年的七月七日，首先在百子池畔，奏于阗乐之后，就用五色彩缕，互相绊结起来，叫做‘相怜爱’。随后，宫中的宫娥彩女们，一起到闭襟楼上，大家学*穿七巧针乞巧。而有个叫徐婕妤的宫女，可以把生的菱藕雕刻成各种奇花异鸟呈献给皇上，皇上把这些小玩意在晚上随手放置在宫中的桌角上让宫女们摸黑寻找，这种游戏就叫做‘斗巧’。”

　　五、种生求子

　　旧时民间*俗，在七夕前几天，先在小木板上敷一层土，播下粟米的种子，让它生出绿油油的嫩苗，再摆一些小茅屋、花木在上面，做成田舍人家小村落的模样，称为“壳板”，或将绿豆、小豆、小麦等浸于磁碗中，等它长出敷寸的芽，再以红、蓝丝绳扎成一束，称为“种生”，又叫“五生盆”或“生花盆”。南方各地也称为“泡巧”，将长出的豆芽称为巧芽，甚至以巧芽取代针，抛在水面乞巧。还用蜡塑各种形象，如牛郎、织女故事中的人物，或秃鹰、鸳鸯、等动物之形，放在水上浮游，称之为“水上浮”。又有蜡制的婴儿玩偶，让妇女买回家浮于水土，以为宜子之祥，称为“化生”。

　　六、晒书晒衣

　　据记载，司马懿当年因位高权重，颇受曹操的猜忌，有鉴于当时政治的黑暗，为求自保，他边装疯病躲在家里。魏武帝仍然不大放心，就派了一个亲信令史暗中探查真相。时值七月七日，装疯的司马懿也在家中晒书。令史回去禀报魏武帝，魏武帝马上下令要司马懿回朝任职，否则即可收押。司马懿只乖乖的遵命回朝。另有一种人，在乱世中，以放浪形骸来表达中的郁闷。他们藐视礼法，反对时俗。

　　刘义庆的《世说新语》卷二十五说，七月七日人人晒书，只有郝隆跑到太阳底下去躺着，人家问他为什么，他回答：“我晒书”。这一方面是蔑视晒书的*俗，另一方面也是夸耀自己腹中的才学。晒肚皮也就是晒书。汉代晒衣的风俗在魏晋时为豪门富室制造了夸耀财富的机会。名列“竹林七贤”的阮咸就瞧不起这种作风。七月七日，当他的邻居晒衣时，只见架上全是陵罗绸缎，光彩夺目。而阮咸不慌不忙的用竹竿挑起一件破旧的衣服，有人问他在干什么，他说：“未能免俗，聊复尔耳!”由这几则小故事看来，就知道当时七夕晒书、晒衣的风俗有多盛了。

　　七、拜织女

　　“拜织女”是少女、少妇们过“七夕节”的大事。她们大都是预先和自己朋友或邻里们约好五六人，多至十来人，联合举办。举行的仪式，是于月光下摆一张桌子，桌子上置茶、酒、水果、五子，即桂圆、红枣、榛子、花生，瓜子等祭品;又有鲜花几朵，束红纸，插瓶子里，花前置一个小香炉。那么，约好参加拜织女的少妇、少女们，斋戒一天，沐浴停当，准时都到主办的家里来，于案前焚香礼拜后，大家一起围坐在桌前，一面吃花生，瓜子，一面朝着织女星座，默念自己的心事。如少女们希望长得漂亮或嫁个如意郎、少妇们希望早生贵子等，都可以向织女星默祷。玩到半夜始散。

留学申请文书

留学申请文书

　　留学申请是准留学生向目标国外大学提供自身信息以求得对方学校录取的过程。下面是小编收集整理的留学申请文书（精选7篇），欢迎阅读与收藏。

Dear xxx,

　　Knowing where one is heading during navigation brings assured happiness. Asa student majoring in Com*r Software, I began my odyssey four years ago. Now,after the initial mysticism was gradually unveiled, my curiosity remains thesame. Indeed, having entered this splendid com*r world, I am more than greedyfor something new.

　　From the beginning of my study, my endeavor was fixed on the underlyingbranches of Com*r Science, particularly System Software development. Novelapplications on other’s platform may be fruitful, but I think it’s moreappealing to act as an independent “manager”. In fact, mathematics, OS, DBMS andmodern compiler are all the examples, any breakthrough of which would pushforward the whole industry. Individuality is achieved in this uniqueposition.

　　My paces toward this goal are always steady. As mathematics permeates tothe every corner of Com*r Science, I am eager to see how it functions. I tookcourses offered by the Mathematics Department including Mathematical Analysisand Advanced Algebra. The curriculum also covered Discrete Mathematics,Probability & Statistics and Theoretical Com*r Science. As supplement tomy scope of knowledge, I learn by myself Combination Mathematics and the Scienceof Programming. This really made a hard period of time, but the harvest wasrewarding. I come to understand that even the most irrelevant softwaredisciplines have the origins in common. The importance of Fractured Geometry inCom*r Graphics is already obvious. What if a step furthers toward TSP or BinPacking? Immeasurable. Then came my favorite topics: Operating System, Compilerand Database. I worked hard and derived bits of my own insight. In fact, I wasgreatly encouraged to find some of my ideas successfully implemented in thecorresponding course projects. My final grade is straight “As” in these coursed.In short, although my experience in Com*r Science is still limited, I believeits depth is well accessible. As my advisor, Prof. Fang Yu, put it figurativelyin one of his lectures: “ It makes no difference whether a hunter captures 5 or7 rabbits. What counts is he knows how to use his gun.”

　　I think I can be the qualified shooter now. in my undergraduate years, Ihave earned various kinds of scholarships, among which were “Peking UniversityFellowship” and “Excellent Academic Scholarship”. My overall GPA ranks upper 10%among 48 students of the same grade. Because of my satisfactory performance, Iwas granted the honor of entering the graduate program at Peking Universitydirectly, waived of the admission test. In retrospect, my workload is alwaysheavy but it is worth my time of effort. Presently, I have both adequatetheoretical understanding and rich programming experience. READY I AM.

　　Of all the sub-areas of Com*r Science, my major interest is parallelprocessing and the related compiler construction. The terminology of parallelprocessing came to me when I read an article about digital circuit testing.According to this article, there exist many serial approaches of solving theautomatic test pattern generation (ATPG) problem. Though certain method ofsolving ATPG sometimes proved efficient, the computation time for a method ofsolving ATPG sometimes proved efficient, the computation time for a completeresult is intolerable, the a parallel processing machine is proposed. Usingparalleled ATPG method, this NP complete dilemma is ingeniously handled. Afterreading, I surprisingly realized that parallel processing opened a new windowfor the computationally intensive problems, which prove intractable for the VONNEUMANN Architecture. You can always first split a specific computational taskinto several independent divisions, then assign each part to a certainprocessor. With reasonable partition and proper synchronization, most gruelingscientific applications can be reduced to normal scale problems.

　　With the advent of the multiprocessor architecture, compiler optimizationfaced a new challenge. A compiler not only has to translate, but it is alsoresponsible for generating parallel-processing loop provides a rich opportunityof exploiting parallelism. Therefore, finding an optimum strategy for loopsbecause a hot research topic. On the whole, parallelism changes our view towardthe conventional com*r architecture so that the compiler’s construction mustmake the corresponding modification. Because of this challenging characteristic,I choose them to be my interest of future study.

　　Yet parallel processing is far from maturity. It has been observed thatsome sequential algorithms can be easily translated into fast parallelalgorithms while some others may not. Is every sequential computation can bedone efficiently in parallel? If not, what properties result in suchdistinction? Another unsettled problem is programming parallel com*rs now islike programming serial com*rs in the 1960s. Programmers get locked into aparticular manufacturer’s com*rs. Is it possible for us to design a higherlevel language for parallel com*rs that hides the underlying machinearchitecture from users? Both are crying out for solution.

　　Without advanced knowledge, I can do nothing but wait. In order to convertmy undergraduate study into full play, graduate education is a necessity. Fromthe college guide and my advisor’s recommendation, I am pleased to learn thatyour department has an academic atmosphere where originality is appreciated andindividual potential is explored. It will be the best place for my specializedstudy. If possible, my main interest in the future will be in the followingareas:

　　Parallel processing, Compiler construction.

　　Distributed/concurrent systems, Operating system.

　　Machine learning, Automated fault diagnosis.

　　As my undergraduate education is very basic, if you feel that I am moresuited for some other areas, any of your suggestion would be highlyappreciated.

　　Upon the completion of my study, I would return to Peking University andteach what I’ve learned to the students. Then I shall establish a researchcenter to experiment new ideas. It is my ultimate goal to see the Chine****r products leading the global market in the next century. After all, thenavigation is not over yet!

Dear Sir,

　　I am writing in the hope that I may obtain an opportunity to further my study in Applied Physics toward Master degree in your university.

　　My name is Li Jin, an undergraduate student of the Department of Applied Physics, Huabei University. Next year in the summer, I will graduate and get my B.S. degree. I plan to continue my study and research in this field. I chose Boston University because there are a congenial team of researchers, an array of databases and research projects in your school of Physics. I believe my interests are extremely congruent with the strengths of the school. And my solid academic background will meet your general entrance requirements for graduate study.

　　I will appreciate it very much if you could send me the Graduate Application Forms, the Application Form for Scholarships/Assistantships, and other relevant information. My mailing address is shown on the top of this letter.

　　I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.

Dear xxx,

　　There has been criticism in the media of Chinese young people for beingegocentric and lacking a sense of social responsibility. In my opinion however,this is not the case of my friends and I. While studying finance at Ohio StateUniversity, I paid close attention to social issues in China. Some people arebenefiting from the developing economy, while many others do not. In order tochange this situation, and redistribute social resources more reasonably,government support and policy reforms are required. I hope I can provide theChinese government with valuable consultation in the future so as to enable morepeople to benefit from this economic development.

　　My studies at Ohio State University enabled me to acquire a deepunderstanding of economics, finance, and accounting. It also gave me anopportunity to learn about American financial systems and operations. TheAmerican subprime mortgage crisis which caused a Financial Tsunami brought aboutwhole new schools of thought regarding the global economy. I realized that thereis excessive government intervention in resource allocation, especially withregards to loan investment and loan projects. Nowadays, American financialregulations are transforming from institutionally based and functional toobjectives-based. This is giving new ideas to other countries as to how theycould reform.

　　I did not start thinking about these issues in an offhanded manner. I havebeen in deep thought as to the financial systems used in Chinese villages forseveral years. China uses separated financial supervision, which has createdmany problems including repeated supervision, high cost, and lack of aneffective coordination mechanism. Farmers find it difficult to take out loanscreating a delay in economic development. If this situation is not improved,more than 60% of farmers will be unable to lift themselves out of poverty, andthere will be no social justice.

　　The differences I have observed between the Chinese and American financialsystems has inspired me to learn more about China’s current situation. In 20xx,I was awarded the chance to take an internship in a commercial bank. I mainlyhelped my supervisor organize materials, but I also participated in interviewswith customers. One day for instance, all of the banks supervisors were too busyto receive a customer requiring consultation. Fortunately, my experiencefollowing my supervisor around, combined with my academic knowledge of financialsystems, allowed me to confidently deal with the customer. I introduced thefinancial products available, and their characteristics. My supervisor laterclosed the deal, but was aware of my conduct which won me respect and morechances to work independently. Whilst working at this bank, conversations withmy colleagues enabled me to understand in greater depth why China is facing alack of credit. People in poorer areas have less access to credit, which is whythere is less investment. I feel that I now understand one of the biggest causesof the gap between rich and poor.

　　I have also taken part in a number of charity initiatives. In the summer of20xx, I worked for “Yixin Web” as an intern, joining a project called “warmschool house”. In Shaanxi province in China, gas poisoning caused a number ofchildren to lose their lives. Later, their school removed its coal stove, butlacked the funds to install a new heating system. Yixin Web raised 50,570RMB andsent out electric heaters to four schools in the area. Although the leaders fromYixin Web warned me that the area was desperately poor, but I was still shockedon arrival. The hills were bare. A local teacher told me that the soil in thehills had to be improved in order to plant crops there, but a lack of funds hadleft large areas desolate. The government has set out poverty alleviationpolicies providing interest free loans, but there are still many difficulties.The main problems stem from the lack of a holistic financial system.

　　Four-years of college life have helped me truly realize that finance shouldnot be used as a means for personal gain, but instead as a device to help liftpeople out of poverty. In the last 30 years China has developed rapidly, yet thegap between the rich and poor has widened. In order to improve this situation,the system needs to be reformed through policy ***ysis and the help of experts.On the basis of strong financial theories and excellent professional skills, Ihope to study an MPA program and go on to enhance my decision-making,***ytical, organizational and coordination abilities.

　　I truly hope to obtain a professional degree in MPA from Cornell UniversityGraduate School. I believe the Graduate School will help me balance study withmy life, such as the Student Governance-Cornell University Graduate andProfessional Student Assembly, which allows me to have many chances to dopractice. I very much appreciate and value how the school helps new studentsadapt to their new environment. This proves to me that Cornell University reallyfocuses on the students themselves. I am quite sure that what I will learn inCornell will give me everything I need to build my future career.

Dear x,

　　Who am I? This is possibly the most ambiguous question, whereby a hiddendepth of meaning is drowned by a trivialized sense of simplicity. I could merelyreveal my name, but would that really portray who I was? “We become ourselvesthrough others” claims Vygotsky, but are we all just conformists? Are ourpersonalities just embedded in our genes? Do we act the way we do because wewant to? Is it free will which makes us who we are? Debates such as nature v.nurture and free will v. determinism fuel my desire to learn more about bothpsychology and philosophy.

　　My passion for philosophy was sparked when reading Mitch Albom’s “The FivePeople You Meet in Heaven”, which overrides logic and offers an alternative toreligious belief. The book itself left me highly motivated to pursuephilosophical inquiry in greater depth. Through studying A level psychology Ihave developed a particular interest in social psychology and the influencesocial pressures can have on behaviour whilst developing vital skills such asthe ability to critically ***yse a study or theory.

　　Aspects of each of my A level subjects have influenced my choice of degree.Open mindedness is essential when studying A level politics. The subject itselfspurs endless abstract thought, especially when concerning issues such as power.The curriculum has also enabled me to partake in structured debate with theability to articulate personal views being essential. In addition to oralcommunication, essay writing is also a key feature of the syllabus and my powersof expression are constantly evolving. My ability to ***yse and develop mywriting skills has been accelerated through studying English at higher level, mycurrent concentration upon metaphysical poetry and the underlying message behindabstract imagery. Studying AS level history has enabled me to investigate thedifferent reactions to political, social, cultural, religious and economicsituations.

　　I have been a prefect since 20xx and act as a role model to youngerstudents as well as being an ambassador for the school. I am a learning championwithin the History department whereby I work with students who requireadditional tutoring in order to successfully pass their GCSE’s. I have to bewell prepared and patient but find it rewarding when my tutee grasps theconcept. Last summer I was involved in the organization, development andsupervision of a lower school fun day. Being selected to lead a small group ofmy peers with the brief of organizing this year’s Post 16 Prom has helpeddevelop my confidence as it has involved visiting and selecting a venue,organizing catering, transport, publicity and the funding of the event.

　　Currently I work for a well established retail store; working has taught meto be flexible and adaptable as well as emphasizing the importance of timemanagement when working under pressure. An enthusiastic, trustworthy andapproachable manner is vital in the workplace in order to maintain the alreadyhigh standards expected of the store. Previously I was employed in directmarketing where I monitored the system operations and the dispatch of relevantpost and information. This role required me to work both in small teams andindependently as well as ap*ing my ICT skills in a real world situation.

　　I enjoy travelling and experiencing different cultures including theindividualist New York in comparison to the collectivist streets of Havana. I ama gregarious person and enjoy spending time with close friends engagingparticularly in shopping trips and social gatherings. I also regularly attendthe gym in order to achieve realistic self set goals.

　　As an outgoing person I feel I would be able to contribute to and gain froma psychology and philosophy dual course which I see as both challenging and anexciting journey whilst helping me to understand people’s beliefs, behaviour andidentity. That’s “who I am”, who are you?

Dear xxx,

　　An experienced engineer of security printing with China’s Central Bank, Inow would like to scale higher intellectual heights by pursuing Ph. D. studiesin mechanical engineering at your university. I believe that my strongbackground in CAD has adequately prepared me to embark on this endeavor.

　　I have been working since 1996 for the People’s Bank of China, a Chineseversion of the Federal Reserve, at its unique research institute of securityprinting, with the responsibility of designing the Chinese currency and themachinery to produce it. By engaging me in a variety of projects, the jobafforded me ample exposure to cutting-edge developments in com*rtechnologies, particularly in CAD software. I have, for example, recentlyredeveloped a purchased CAD (Com*r Aided Design) software to make it moresuitable for our own purposes. By adding our own part/subassembly to thedatabase and make our own drawing criteria, we have achieved dramatically betterefficiency.

　　My job performance, which has won me professional respect from all of mycolleagues, was achieved thanks to the strong background I acquired as a studentin com*r science. My undergraduate GPA ranked first among the 63 students ofclassmates in mechanical department, for which I was awarded first-class andsecond-class prizes many times. My graduate GPA ranked among the top 4% of the105 students in my year, which won me the “San Hao” scholarship every yearduring the three years of my graduate studies.

　　Unlike many other Chinese students, who are content with performing well inexams, I made a point of learning through my own hands-on experiences. In theMaster’s program at the Beijing Institute of Printing, I gained an in-depthunderstanding of artificial intelligence, including expert system and geneticalgorithm, especially in neural network. For my thesis, I programmed amulti-level BP neural network with C language to ***yze my mathematical model,and applied much of my knowledge in optimization. I thus became able to programwith a host of different com*r languages, especially C++, with which I helpedmy graduate advisor to design a paper-cutting machine. To ***yze the mechanismstatically and dynamically, I programmed a software system to ***yze andemulate it on screen. In undergraduate studies, I had often programmed withFortran77 and the Basic language.

　　Upon the completion of my Master’s studies, I easily passed the doctoralrecord examination in CAD/CAM of Beijing University, one f the top universitiesin China. But I gave up the opportunity in order to gain more practicalexperience in the industry. The decision proved to be right, as it guaranteed mebetter access to sophisticated facilities, such as state-of-the-art personalcom*rs. With the People’s Bank of China, I have thus accumulated solidexpertise in many kinds of operating and application software systems,particularly in CAD. I now have a firm grip on the latest developments incom*r science in China.

　　The challenges I met and the successes I achieved at the People’s Bank havenot only endowed me with confidence but also fired off my desire to furtherimprove myself. I have enjoyed high-quality and efficient production with theuse of a kind of PC-based CAD software, MDT, developed by Autodesk Corporation.I now have a dream: some day, every person can design his favorite product withsome sort of CAD software, and then search for an ideal factory over high-speedinternet its production; and the factory will put specifications of the product,as it has received them via the high-speed internet into its CIMS, and out popsthe product, as designed, at the end of the factory’s production line. It is abeautiful dream for every engineer, but many difficulties the speed ofdata-transfer and how to manage the product data among CAD, CAM, CAPP and CAEsystems. These questions are fascinating, and I would like to come up with myown answers to them.

　　To prepare myself for advanced studies in your country, I have persisted inimproving my English proficiency. As demonstrated by my score of 700 (96%) inthe verbal section of GRE, I now have an adequate command of English forundertaking graduate studies in your program.

　　After carefully comparing the strengths of many universities, I find MercyUniversity particularly suited for my purpose. It has got the best combinationof quality faculty, many state-of-the-art facilities, and an intriguing academicenvironment. Currently, China still lags significantly behind Western countriesin mechanical engineering. I hope that, with a few years of graduate studiesunder your seasoned guidance, I will be able to return to my motherland and helpbring mechanical engineering in my country to international standards.

　　Although my ultimate objective is a Ph. D. degree, I am willing to do aMaster’s degree if necessary. In either case, I would like to concentrate mystudies in one or a combination of the following areas: CAD, CAM, CIMS, Com*rgraphics, Mechanical design, Mechanical manufacturing, Optimization, Artificialintelligence, and Robotics. Your favorable evaluation of my application will behighly appreciated.

Dear x,

　　“The Foolish Old Man Removing a Mountain” is an allegory known to virtuallyevery Chinese. The story tells that in ancient times there was an old foolishman by the name of Yu Gong who was determined to remove the WangWu Mountain, amountain that blocked him and his family from having access to the outsideworld, in an attempt to carve out a road leading to the outside world and hencecreate conditions for his posterity to achieve economic prosperity. The projectwas a Herculean task and, to make the matter worse, the old man was ratheradvanced in age. His neighbors all came to dissuade him from the endeavor. Butthe old man’s answer was that if he should die, his children and grandchildrencould succeed him. The day would come when the mountain could be removedultimately.

　　Inconceivable as they are, modern versions of this allegory occur in thefrequently impoverished mountain areas in present-day China. The mountain folksresort to primitive manual labor (hence inevitably involving casualties) andsimple tools and usually spend many years, even more than a decade, to open uproutes inch by inch in order to have access to the market outside the deepmountains to sell their farm produce, so that their descendants will no longerbe confined to the kind of isolated and economically unprivileged life that theyare living. As a student with a Master’s degree in Road & RailwayEngineering, I can never maintain a tranquil state of mind whenever I read ofstories of this kind. I tell myself that I have the obligation andresponsibility to help halt this dire reality. For this reason, I am determinedto seek a Ph. D. program in Communication & Transportation at your esteemeduniversity, a program that will enable me to reward my country with my knowledgeof the advanced transportation engineering technology in the world. Of course, Iam soberly aware that to be accepted into your highly-respected program I willinevitably be faced with fierce competitions. Nevertheless, my sound academicbackground, rich work experience and the ability to undertake independentacademic research all testify to my qualifications as a worthy candidate foryour program.

　　My choice for Industrial and Civil Airport Construction and Highway AirportConstruction and Highway during my undergraduate program at the Department ofCivil Engineering and Architecture, x University, seemed to have derived frommy family tradition. My father has long been a construction engineer and myinterest in civil engineering grew as I saw my father working on constructionplans and drawings and picking up bits and pieces of civil engineeringknowledge. My academic performance at x University, which is a key universityin the country, has been consistently characterized by top ranking, receivingStudent of Excellence award for four consecutive years. My solid andcomprehensive academic foundation and outstanding performance came to theattention of the renowned airport construction expert Prof. xX, under whosedirection I undertook my graduation project Design of an Airport Runway. In thisproject, I completed the overall design of a civil airport together with theairport’s roadnet. The roadnet design fully met the relevant national standardsand the overall airport layout was rationally designed, leading to unanimouslypositive evaluation by the reviewing panel.

读书古诗原文

读书古诗原文

　　在**淡淡的日常中，大家一定没少看到经典的古诗吧，古诗是中文独有的一种文体，有特殊的格式及韵律。那什么样的古诗才是大家都称赞的呢？下面是小编收集整理的读书古诗原文，希望对大家有所帮助。

　　原文：

　　翰林读书言怀呈集贤诸学士

　　晨趋紫禁中，夕待金门诏。

　　观书散遗帙，探古穷至妙。

　　片言苟会心，掩卷忽而笑。

　　青蝇易相点，白雪难同调。

　　本是疏散人，屡贻褊促诮。

　　云天属清朗，林壑忆游眺。

　　或时清风来，闲倚栏下啸。

　　严光桐庐溪，谢客临海峤。

　　功成谢人间，从此一投钓。

　　译文：

　　清晨赶赴宫中，晚间往金马门待沼。

　　翻看前人的残卷遗篇，探讨古贤的著述穷极奥妙。

　　哪怕只有片言与前人暗合，也不禁掩卷而笑。

　　苍蝇点污白玉轻而易举，《阳春》《白雪》却难以找到同调。

　　我本是疏懒散漫之人，却多次遭到狭隘之人的嘲笑。

　　天高云淡正值秋高气爽，不禁回忆起昔日林壑间的游眺。

　　有时清风徐徐吹来，闲倚着栏干我放声长啸。

　　严光在桐庐溪畔垂钓，谢灵运通游天涯海角。

　　何时才能功成身退，从此在烟波间投钓？

　　注释：

　　⑴翰林：指翰林院，唐代翰林院学士主要负责为朝廷撰写文件之事。集贤：指集贤殿。唐代集贤殿学士主要负责搜集、修订书籍之事。

　　⑵紫禁：犹言皇宫，皇帝所居之处。谢庄《宋孝武宣贵妃诔》：“收华紫禁。”李善注：“王者之宫，以象紫微，故谓宫中为紫禁。”李延济注：“紫禁，即紫宫，天子所居也。”

　　⑶金门：即金马门，汉宫门名。汉代东方朔曾待诏金马门，这里以翰林院比金马门。《汉书·东方朔传》：“待诏金门，稍得亲*。”

　　⑷帙（zhì）：书套。散帙，即打开书套读阅书籍。《说文》：帙，书衣也。谢灵运诗：“散帙问所知。”散帙者，解散其书外所裹之帙而翻阅之也。

　　⑸青蝇：比喻小人的谗言。陈子昂诗：“青蝇一相点，白璧遂成冤。”盖青蝇遗粪白玉之上，致成点污，以比谗谮之言能使修洁之士致招罪尤也。

　　⑹白雪：曲名。其曲弥高，其和弥寡。因曲调高雅，能跟着唱的人很少。

　　⑺疏散：意谓爱好自由，不受拘束。

　　⑻贻：遭致。褊（biǎn）促：狭隘。诮：责骂。

　　⑼严光：字子陵，东汉初隐士。桐庐溪：即今浙江省桐庐县南富春江，江边有严陵濑和严子陵钓台，传说是严光当年游钓之处。章怀太子《后汉书注》：“桐庐县南有严子陵渔钓处，今山边有石，上下可坐十人，临水，名曰严陵钓坛也。”

　　⑽谢客：即谢灵运，南朝刘宋时的山水诗人，客是其小名。生*好游山玩水，曾写有一首题为《登临海峤初发疆中作与从弟惠连见羊何共和之》的诗。临海：郡名，今浙江临海县。峤：山尖而高叫峤。张铣注：“临海，郡名。峤，山顶也。”

　　⑾谢人间：意谓辞别世俗，遁隐山林。

　　赏析：

　　“晨趋紫禁中，夕待金门诏。”诗歌的开始，使用了虚中带实的手法，概言自己在宫禁中的生活和感受。翰林院、集贤殿都在宫禁中，故言“晨趋紫禁中”。从表面看，又是“紫禁”，又是“金门”，不仅说明职务之重要，还更带有一种显赫的威势、甚至炫耀的口吻。的确，当时翰林供奉的地位是十分重要而又显赫的。据《新唐书·百官志》载，玄宗初，置翰林待诏，以张说、陆坚、张九龄等为之，掌四方表疏批答应和文章。既又选文学之士号翰林供奉，与集贤院学士分掌制诏书敕。开元二十六年（738）又改翰林供奉为学士，专掌内命，包括拜免将相、号令征伐诸大事。以后选用益重而礼遇益亲，所以当时有“号为内相”或“天子私人”之称。李白夙怀“申管晏之谈，谋帝王之术，奋其智能，愿为辅弼，使寰区大定，海县清一”（《代寿山答孟少府移文书》）的宏图，当他被诏供奉翰林时，内心是异常激动的，而且初入宫禁时，他也的确曾为自己所受的殊宠与显赫的地位而自豪。他在《赠从弟南*太守之遥二首》其一中曾以自诩的口吻说：“天门九重谒圣人，龙颜一解四海春。彤庭左右呼万岁，拜贺明主收沉沦。翰林秉笔回英盼，麟阁峥嵘谁可见？承恩初入银台门，著书独在金銮殿。龙驹雕镫白玉鞍，象床绮*黄金盘。当时笑我微贱者，却来请谒为交欢。”然而，时隔不久，当李白发现现实并非如此，这种天真浪漫的情绪也就惭惭消沉了。所以尽管这两句诗表面上带有显赫的威势和炫耀的语气，但从“晨趋”与“夕待”两个词中，已向我们暗示了一种投闲置散而又焦虑如焚的心态。可以说“晨趋”、“夕待”也正是李白自入宫禁以来的形象写照。

　　接下来具体写投闲置散的读书生活：“观书散遗帙，探古穷至妙。片言苟会心，掩卷忽而笑。”这几句的意思是说：我博览珍秘的群书，深入钻研其中的奥妙所在；如果发现有只言片语恰恰道出心曲之事，便会乐不自持、掩卷而笑。这几句写得轻松自如，可谓一片清机。但是，这种轻闲的读书生活与一个身居翰林供奉之职的`人来说，却是极不协调、极不相称的。作为翰林供奉本来所应该做的事，已如前述，而事实上李白入宫之后，只不过被视为文学弄臣，是供奉帝王后妃遣兴愉乐的玩物。这对于李白来说，是痛心的，也更是悲哀的。

　　“青蝇易相点，白雪难同调。本是疏散人，屡贻褊促诮。”“青蝇”句本陈子昂《宴胡楚真禁所》诗：“青蝇一相点，白璧遂成冤。”“白雪”句本宋玉《对楚王问》：“其为《阳春》《白雪》，国中属而和者，不过数十人。”这两句在章法上是上承“片言”二字，可以说是“片言”的具体内容。这两句是说：我本来就是爱好自由，无拘无束之人，可每每总是遭到心胸狭隘之人的责骂。这是上承“会心”二字，从古人的至理名言中，领悟到自身遭遇的缘由所在。李白本是性格傲岸，行为放达不拘之人，但是入宫之后，却遭到高力士、张垍等奸臣的嫉妒与谗毁。“丑正同列，害能成谤，格言不入，帝用疏之”（李阳冰《草堂集序》），愈来愈受到皇帝的疏远与冷落。李白在《感遇四首》其四中也说：“宋玉事楚王，立身本高洁。巫山赋彩云，郢路歌白雪。举国莫能和，巴人皆卷舌。一惑登徒言，恩情遂中绝。”尽管此时“恩情”尚未完全中绝，但李白早已预感到了。严酷现实的打击，迫使诗人不能不考虑自己的前程与人格的完善，因而诗歌的下半部分，就着重表白对另一种生活的渴望与追求。

　　“云天属清朗，林壑忆游眺。或时清风来，闲倚栏下啸。”局促在宫禁之中，整日在嫉妒与谗毁中度日，不仅是对人格的迫害，也是对人性的压抑。此时此刻，诗人不禁回忆起昔日委运自然、遨游林壑的布衣生活。那是何等的惬意：在大自然的怀抱里，面对明媚的云天与幽静的林壑，清风徐来，倚栏长啸。一个“闲”字，道出了诗人的心境与大自然相融合的契机所在。

　　接下来诗人继续写道：“严光桐庐溪，谢客临海峤。功成谢人间，从此一投钓。”这两句反映了李白对严光和谢灵运的企慕，希望自己将来能象他们那样，摆脱世俗的烦恼，寄迹林下，度安闲隐逸的生活。因而诗歌的最后两句说：“功成谢人间，从此一投钓。”功成身退，是李白为自己设计的人生道路，也是他毕生的生活理想。他早在二十七岁时所写的《代寿山答孟少府移文书》中就表示过：“奋其智能，愿为辅弼，使寰区大定，海县清一。事君之道成，荣亲之义毕，然后与陶朱、留侯浮五湖、戏沧州，不足为难矣。”其《驾去温泉宫后赠杨山人》诗亦云：“待吾尽节报明主，然后相携卧白云。”可以看出，李白对理想信念的追求是何等的执着，尽管在遭谗受谤，皇帝疏远的情况下，仍抱定功成然后身退的信念。因而在政治上的期待，暂时战胜了寄迹林下的愿望。但是，如果换一个角度来看，即从李白此时的心态与他初入宫禁时相比，则可以明显看出其心理的变化。上文所引《赠从弟南*太守之遥》诗中，已可以看出诗人当初那种春风得意、喜不自胜的情态。此外，李白在《效古二首》其一中也以相同的情调写道：“朝入天苑中，谒帝蓬莱宫。青山映辇道，碧树摇烟空。谬题金闺籍，得与银台通。待诏奉明主，抽毫颂清风。……快意切为乐，列筵坐群公。光景不可留，生世如转蓬。早达胜晚遇，羞比垂钓翁。”但是此时此刻，诗人已不再是“羞比垂钓翁”，而是希望要在“功成”之后，决绝地表示“从此一投钓”，要像严光那样，远离尘嚣，过着安闲自乐的隐居生活。

　　总之，这首诗突出表现了诗人那傲岸不屈、不同流俗的高洁品质，其中有对好佞小人的斥责，也有对自身遭遇及仕途的深深忧虑。尽管诗人此时仍怀有建功立业的愿望，对朝廷也还抱有一线的希望，但此后不久，诗人尚未及“功成”，便愤然离开了朝廷，踏上了自得其乐的布衣漫游生涯。可以说这首诗正是李白在长安为官时期心理转变的一个重要标志。

　　这是一首“言怀”之作，像是在同“诸学士”们娓娓而谈。它一反李白所常用的那种奔放的激情与奇特的夸张，而是将眼前之事及心中之想如实地一一道来，在婉转清爽的背后，蕴籍着十分深刻而又复杂的情感。这一特点的形成，与诗人当时所处的地位及其所特有的心理状态是密不可分的。

　　嘉岭山寻范文正公读书处

　　清代邓廷桢

　　乙亥二月月几望，捧檄延州度千嶂。马头忽现嘉岭山，大字摹崖屹相向。

　　怪螭蟠屈瘦蛟舞，乃是龙图老子之笔仗。闻道当年帅此邦，屡蹑巉岩寄幽旷。

　　手持蠹简揖山灵，一种清虚恍来贶。我览公书心已钦，我思公迹神逾王。

　　初为运转副夏竦，继以曹郎扼边障。罢榷招流亡，营田省输饟。

　　坚壁老敌师，焚书斥贼妄。一十二砦唇齿联，万八千军虎貔壮。

　　威名不屑淮阴韩，盛德应同丞相亮。坐使西人破胆惊，却马回戈不敢抗。

读书古诗原文

读书古诗原文

　　在日常学*、工作抑或是生活中，大家都接触过古诗吧，古诗包括唐律形成以前所有体式的诗，也包括唐朝及唐以后仍按古式创作的诗。究竟什么样的古诗才是好的古诗呢？以下是小编为大家收集的读书古诗原文，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。

　　嘉岭山寻范文正公读书处

　　清代邓廷桢

　　乙亥二月月几望，捧檄延州度千嶂。马头忽现嘉岭山，大字摹崖屹相向。

　　怪螭蟠屈瘦蛟舞，乃是龙图老子之笔仗。闻道当年帅此邦，屡蹑巉岩寄幽旷。

　　手持蠹简揖山灵，一种清虚恍来贶。我览公书心已钦，我思公迹神逾王。

　　初为运转副夏竦，继以曹郎扼边障。罢榷招流亡，营田省输饟。

　　坚壁老敌师，焚书斥贼妄。一十二砦唇齿联，万八千军虎貔壮。

　　威名不屑淮阴韩，盛德应同丞相亮。坐使西人破胆惊，却马回戈不敢抗。

　　岂知公余示整暇，啸歌更踞兹山上。方悟胸中数万兵，都由五千拄腹撑肠相酝酿。

　　我来登山寻旧迹，岂有遗民足咨访。山前闻清钟，山后发樵唱。

　　摘星无复矗，危楼古井空余白云漾。嗟哉九京安可作，仰止高山意怊怅。

　　他年青鞋布袜游圭峰，定从雾阁云窗觏真相。

　　读书

　　宋代·曾巩

　　吾性虽嗜学，年少不自强。

　　所至未及门，安能望其堂。

　　荏苒岁云几，家事已独当。

　　经营食众口，四方走遑遑。

　　一身如飞云，遇风任飘扬。

　　山川浩无涯，险怪靡不尝。

　　落日号虎豹，吾未停车箱。

　　波涛动蛟龙，吾方进舟航。

　　所勤半天下，所济一毫芒。

　　最自忆往岁，病躯久羸尫。

　　*千里外，苍黄值亲丧。

　　母弟各在无，讣归恐惊惶。

　　凶祸甘独任，危形载孤艎。

　　崎岖护旅榇，缅邈投故乡。

　　至今惊未定，生还乃非常。

　　忧虑心胆耗，驰驱筋力伤。

　　况已*衰境，而常犯风霜。

　　驱之久如此，负疴固宜长。

　　朝晡暂一饱，百回步空廊。

　　未免废坐卧，其能视缣缃。

　　新知固云少，旧学亦已忘。

　　百家异旨趣，六经富文章。

　　其言既卓阔，其义固荒茫。

　　古人至白首，搜穷败肝肠。

　　仅名通一艺，著书欲煌煌。

　　瑕疵自掩覆，后世更昭彰。

　　世久无孔子，指画随其方。

　　后生以中才，胸臆妄度量。

　　彼专犹未达，吾慵复何望。

　　端忧类童稚，*书倒偏傍。

　　况令议文物，规摹讵能详。

　　轮辕孰挠直，冠盖孰纁黄。

　　珪璋国之器，孰杀孰锋铓。

　　问十九未谕，其一犹面墙。

　　几微言性命，萌兆审兴亡。

英文书信信封的格式

英文书信信封的格式

　　在**淡淡的学*、工作、生活中，大家都有写信的经历，对书信很是熟悉吧，书信是一种用文字来表情达意的应用文体。你所见过的书信是什么样的呢？下面是小编为大家整理的英文书信信封的格式 ，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

　　信封的格式：J.RobinsonSTAMP104FLeet StreetLondon, u.k.Mr.Robert Smith2417 Bancraft Way.Berkely, CA 94704U.S.A.

　　英文辞职信封

　　Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Design&Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr.Wang, address.

Dear Mr.Wang,

　　I am writing to inform you to resign from my current position.

　　The primary reasons First, after two months, I do feel that it is not easy to to the extra work and night shift. Second, the to be much lower than you a large family to suppot. Last, what I editor.

　　英文书信格式及范文

　　英文书信一般由以下六部分组成：信头、信内地址、称呼、正文、结尾、签名。

　　5.1.1 信头（Heading）

　　信头是指发信人的地址和日期，通常写在第一页的右上角。行首可以齐头写，也可以逐行缩进写。地址的书写顺序由小到大：门牌号、街道、城市、省（州）、邮编、国名，最后写发信日期。私人信件一般只写寄信日期即可。例如：

　　123 Tianhe Road

　　Tianhe District

　　Guangzhou 510620

　　Guangdong Province

　　P. R. C.

　　Jan. 8, 2010

　　5.1.2 信内地址（Inside Address）

　　信内地址要写收信人的姓名和地址。在公务信件中要写明这一项，在私人信件中，这一项常常省略。该项写在写信日期下一行的左上角，格式与寄信人地址一样。

　　5.1.3 称呼（Salutation）

　　称呼是对收信人的称谓，应与左边线对齐，写在收信人姓名、地址下面1-2行处。在称呼后，英国人常用逗号，美国人则常用冒号。在私人信件中可直呼收信人的名字，但公务信件中一定要写收信人的姓。大部分信件在称呼前加“Dear”。如：

　　Dear Professor/Prof. Bergen:

　　Dear Dr. Johnson,

　　对不相识的人可按性别称呼：

　　Dear Sir: 或Dear Madam: Dear Ladies。

　　如果不知收信人的性别则可用Dear Sir or Madam:

　　5.1.4 正文（Body of Letter）

　　正文是书信的主体。与中文信件不同的是，英文书信的正文的开头不是先写一些问候语，再阐明写信的目的，而是直接说明写信人的身份及写信的目的，然后提出写信人的情况、想法或要求，并加以必要的'解释或说明。英文书信陈述目的时，应该直截了当，意思明确，层次清楚，言简意赅。

　　书信正文的第一句话或第一段，通常被称为起首语。一般说来，人们*惯用一些客套的写法作为书信正文的起始，即先将对方来信的日期、主题加以简单描述，以便使对方一看便知该信是回答哪一封信的。如果是第一次给别人写信，也可用开头语作必要的自我介绍，并表明自己写信的主要目的。

　　5.1.5 结尾礼词（Complimentary Close）

　　公务信件的结尾礼词包含两部分：发信人的结尾套语与署名。结尾套语写在签名上面一行，第一个字母要大写，套语结尾后面要加逗号。在公务信件中，发信人常用的结尾套语有：

　　Yours truly, Yours sincerely, Respectfully yours, Cordially yours, Yours cordially等。

　　私人信件中，发信人常用的结尾套语有：

　　Sincerely yours, Lovely yours, Your lovely, Your loving son/daughter等。

　　5.1.6 签名（Signature）

　　写信人的签名常位于结尾礼词正下方一二行。除非是给很熟悉的人写信，签名一般须写出全名。签名常常较潦草，不易辨认，因此在签名的正下方须打印出全名。

激励读书的古诗文

激励读书的古诗文

　　书籍是人类进步的阶梯。从野蛮到文明，从庸俗到崇高，书籍唤醒了沉睡的大脑，复苏了干涸的心灵。下面为大家分享了激励读书的.古诗，一起来看看吧！

　　《赠别元十八协律六首》

　　【唐】韩愈

　　读书患不多，思义患不明。

　　患足已不学，既学患不行。

　　《劝学》

　　【唐】颜真卿

　　三更灯火五更鸡，正是男儿读书时。

　　黑发不知勤学早，白首方悔读书迟。

　　《白鹿洞诗》

　　【唐】王贞白

　　读书不觉春已深，一寸光阴一寸金。

　　不是道人来引笑，周情孔思正追寻。

　　《奉赠韦左丞丈二十二韵》（部分）

　　【唐】杜甫

　　纨绔不饿死，儒冠多误身。

　　丈人试静听，贱子请具陈。

　　甫昔少年日，早充观国宾。

　　读书破万卷，下笔如有神。

　　《书斋即事》

　　【唐】杜荀鹤

　　时清只合力为儒，不可家贫与善疏。

　　卖却屋边三亩地，添成窗下一床书。

　　沿溪摘果霜晴后，出竹吟诗月上初。

　　乡里老农多见笑，不知稽古胜耕锄。

　　《灵岩寺》

　　【唐】薛令之

　　草堂栖在灵山谷，勤读诗书向灯烛。

　　柴门半掩寂无人，惟有白云相伴宿。

　　《符读书城南》（部分）

　　【唐】韩愈

　　木之就规矩，在梓匠轮舆。

　　人之能为人，由腹有诗书。

　　诗书勤乃有，不勤腹空虚。

　　欲知学之力，贤愚同一初。

　　《寄吴冲卿》（部分）

　　【宋】王安石

　　物变极万殊，心通才一曲。

　　读书谓已多，抚事知不足。

　　《和董传留别》

　　【宋】苏轼

　　粗缯大布裹生涯，腹有诗书气自华。

　　厌伴老儒烹瓠叶，强随举子踏槐花。

　　囊空不办寻春马，眼乱行看择婿车。

　　得意犹堪夸世俗，诏黄新湿字如鸦。

　　《冬夜读书示子聿》

　　【宋】陆游

　　古人学问无遗力，少壮工夫老始成。

　　纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行。

　　《活水亭观书有感二首·其一》

应用文书写格式

应用文书写格式

　　应用文，所谓应用文是人们在生活、学*、工作中为处理实际事物而写作，有着实用性特点，并形成惯用格式的文章。下面是小编为你带来的应用文书写格式，欢迎阅读。

　　请假条

　　（1）标题：第一行居中写明“请假条”。

　　（2）称呼：第一行顶格写，后用冒号。

　　（3）正文：另起一行空两格写请假内容，交代请假原因、请假起止时间、请求准假等。

　　（4）署名。

　　（5）日期。

　　感谢信

　　敬爱的xxx：

　　具体事件。

　　感谢之情。

　　人物。

　　日期。

　　书信

　　（1）称呼：第一行顶格写，后用冒号。

　　（2）正文：另起一行空两格。一般先写问候语，再写主要内容。

　　（3）结尾：写祝颂语。“祝”、“此致”等词语可紧接正文之后写，也可独占一行，空两格写。“健康”、“敬礼”等用语要另起一行，顶格写。

　　（4）署名：写在另起一行的偏右处。

　　（5）日期：写在署名下一行的右边。

　　（6）用语要简洁得体、条理清晰，有真情实感。

　　通知

　　（1）标题：第一行居中写明“通知”或“关于xx的通知”。

　　（2）称呼：换行顶格写明被通知方的名称，后用冒号。

　　（3）正文：另起一行空两格写通知内容，如会议通知包括会议内容、时间、地点、出*对象和有关准备事项等。

　　（4）署名：正文下一行的右下方写发出通知的单位或组织。

　　（5）日期：写在署名下一行的右边。

　　启事

　　（1）标题：第一行居中写明“xx启事”。

　　（2）正文：另起一行空两格写启事内容，交代有关事情的原委和目的，提出要求和希望，说明有关注意事项及办理程序等。有些内容则不应写具体明确，如“招领启事”中有关失物的详情，以防冒领。

　　（3）署名。

　　（4）日期。

　　启事不具备法令性、政策性、因而也没有强制性和约束性。

　　启事有招领启事、寻物启事、招聘启事、征稿启事等多种。

　　申请书

　　（1）标题：第一行居中写明“申请”或“xxx申请”，加上标明性质的字样。

　　（2）称呼：换行顶格写接收申请书的单位名称或领导同志姓名，后用冒号。

　　（3）正文：另起一行空两格写申请内容。内容应包括三个方面：

　　第一，申请什么，要求批准什么；

　　第二，提出申请的目的和理由；

　　第三，表明自己的态度（或决心、愿望等）。

　　（4）结尾：写表示敬意之类的专用语。

　　（5）署名。

　　（6）日期。

　　申请书与请柬、感谢信、倡议书等属于专用信。申请书除第一行居中写申请名称外，其于部分与一般书信的.格式一样。请求的事情一定要写明确，理由要充分，言辞也要恳切。

　　广播稿

　　（1）要通俗化、口语化。

　　（2）简洁明了。

　　（3）生动活泼。

　　（4）音调和谐。

　　（5）新、快、短。

二年级上册语文书

二年级上册语文书

　　不知道大家对于小学的语文还有多少印象呢？为了方便大家记忆，下面是小编收集整理的二年级上册语文书，希望对你有帮助。

　　二年级语文上册课文北师版【1】

　　爱因斯坦上小学的时候，不爱说话，同学认为他笨，老师也不喜欢他。

　　有一天早晨，大家都把自己的手工课作业交给了老师。老师从一大堆泥鸭子、布娃娃、木制品中，拿出一个很不像样的.小板凳，生气地问：“你们谁见过这么糟糕的小板凳？”孩子们都笑起来了，爱因斯坦却低下了头。老师看了他一眼，说：“世界上还有比这更糟糕的小板凳吗？”爱因斯坦站了起来，小声说：“有的。”

　　同学们惊奇地看着爱因斯坦，只见他从课本里拿出两个更不像样的小板凳，说：“老师，这是我第一次和第二次做的，交给您的是我第三次做的。它虽然不好，但比这两个强一些。”老师看他这样努力，从此改变了对他的态度。

　　二年级语文上册课文北师版—上天的蚂蚁【2】

　　有一棵树，很高很高，高得插入了云霄。人们都不知道这是一棵什么树，只有一位常常坐在树下的白胡子爷爷知道。

　　“这是一棵通天树。”白胡子爷爷告诉一个身材魁伟的巨人，“从树干往上爬，一直往上爬，就能爬到天上去。”

　　巨人多么想到天上去看看啊！他抬头仰望，脖子都仰酸了，也望不到树尖。

　　巨人摇摇头，说：“好高哟，要想爬上去是根本不可能的。”

　　白胡子爷爷鼓励巨人：“试一试吧！你身强力壮，也许能爬上去。”

　　“不行，我爬不上去。”

　　巨人连连告退，终于跑掉了。

　　“我能爬到天上去！”一个充满自信的声音传来。

　　“你在哪儿？”

　　“您往地上瞧，我是一只蚂蚁。”

　　白胡子爷爷往地上一瞧，他的脚边果然有一只很小很小的蚂蚁。老爷爷眼睛一亮，俯下身子问：“你能行吗？”

　　“我能行！”

　　小蚂蚁说着，就开始爬树。他边爬边对老爷爷说：“只要我一步一步不停地爬，就一定能爬到天上！”

　　北师版二年级语文上册课文—孔繁森【3】

　　孔繁森是一位优秀的干部。

　　1992年，*市附*发生了地震。曲尼、曲印和贡桑三个藏族孩子失去了亲人，成了孤儿。孔繁森就把他们接到自已的身边，像对待亲生儿女一样扶养他们。

　　一天夜里，孔繁森悄悄地来到医院，请求献血。医生见他年纪大了，身体又不好，没有同意。经孔繁森再三恳求，医生才勉强答应。

　　孔繁森用献血所得的营养费，帮助这几个孤儿上学读书。藏胞们知道了这件事，都感动得流下了热泪。他们深情地唱道：

　　太阳和月亮

　　有同一个母亲，

　　她的名字叫光明。

　　汉族和藏族

　　有同一个母亲，

　　她的名字叫*。

　　生字：孔优秀市尼血营费助汉