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相思
唐·王维
红豆生南国,春来发几枝。
愿君多采撷,此物最相思。
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《秋思》
唐·张籍
洛阳城里见秋风,
欲作家书意万重。
复恐匆匆说不尽,
行人临发又开封。
注释:
1、意万重:形容表达的思念很多。
2、行人:这里指捎信的人。
3、开封:把封好的信拆开。
4、复恐:怕这封信的内容不够多,说不尽。
译文:
洛阳城里吹起了萧瑟秋风,要写家信禁不住心绪万重。
又恐匆忙倾述诉不尽情思,捎书人临行又打开我信封。
赏析:
张籍这首《秋思》寓情于事,借助日常生活中的一个片断——寄家书时的思想活动和行动细节,异常真切细腻地表达了羁旅之人对家乡亲人的深切思念。
第一句说客居洛阳,又见秋风。**叙事,不事渲染,却有含蕴。秋风是无形的,可闻、可触、可感,而仿佛不可见。但正如春风可以染绿大地,带来无边春色一样,秋风所包含的肃杀之气,也可使木叶黄落,百卉凋零,给自然界和人间带来一片秋光秋色、秋容秋态。它无形可见,却处处可见。羁留异乡的游子,见到这一派凄凉摇落之景,不可避免地要勾起羁泊异乡的孤孑凄寂情怀,引起对家乡、亲人的悠长思念。这*淡而富于含蕴的“见”字,所给予读者的暗示和联想,是异常丰富的。
第二句紧承“见秋风”,正面写“思”字。晋代张翰“因见秋风起,乃思吴中菰菜、莼羹、鲈鱼脍,曰:‘人生贵得适志,何能羁宦数千里,以要名爵乎?\'遂命驾而归”(《晋书·张翰传》)。张籍祖籍吴郡,此时客居洛阳,情况与当年的张翰相仿佛,当他“见秋风”而起乡思的时候,也许曾经联想到张翰的这段故事。但由于种种没有明言的原因,竟不能效张翰的“命驾而归”,只好修一封家书来寄托思家怀乡的感情。这就使本来已经很深切强烈的乡思中又*添了欲归不得的惆怅,思绪变得愈加复杂多端了。“欲作家书意万重”,这“欲”字颇可玩味。它所表达的正是诗人铺纸伸笔之际的意念和情态:心中涌起千愁万绪,觉得有说不完、写不尽的话需要倾吐,而一时间竟不知从何处说起,也不知如何表达。本来显得比较抽象的“意万重”,由于有了这“欲作家书”而迟迟无法下笔的神情意态描写,反而变得鲜明可触、易于想象了。
三、四两句,撇开写信的具体过程和具体内容,只剪取家书即将发出时的一个细节——“复恐匆匆说不尽,行人临发又开封。”诗人既因“意万重”而感到无从下笔,又因托“行人”之便捎信而无暇细加考虑,深厚丰富的情意和难以表达的矛盾,加以时间“匆匆”,竟使这封包含着千言万语的信*乎“书被催成墨未浓”(李商隐《无题四首》)了。书成封就之际,似乎已经言尽;但当捎信的行人将要上路的时候,却又突然想起刚才由于匆忙,生怕信里漏写了什么重要的内容,于是又匆匆拆开信封。“复恐”二字,刻画心理入微。这“临发又开封”的细节,与其说是为了添写几句匆匆未说尽的内容,不如说是为了验证一下自己的疑惑和担心。而这种毫无定准的“恐”,竟然促使诗人不假思索地作出“又开封”的决定,正显出他对这封“意万重”的家书的重视和对亲人的深切思念——千言万语,惟恐遗漏了一句。当然,并非生活中所有“行人临发又开封”的现象都具有典型性,都值得写讲诗里。只有当它和特定的背景、特定的心理状态联系在一起的时候,方才显出它的典型意义。这首诗,在“见秋风”、“意万重”,而又“复恐匆匆说不尽”的情况下来写“临发又开封”的细节,本身就包含着对生活素材的提炼和典型化,而不是对生活的简单摹写。王安石评张籍的诗说:“看似寻常最奇崛,成如容易却艰辛”(《题张司业诗》),此评深得张籍优秀作品创作要旨和甘苦“三昧”。这首极本色、极*淡,像生活本身一样自然的诗,其实印证了王安石精到的评论。
静夜思古诗
在生活、工作和学*中,许多人对一些广为流传的古诗都不陌生吧,狭义的古诗,是指产生于唐代以前并和唐代新出现的*体诗(又名今体诗)相对的一种诗歌体裁。古诗的类型多样,你所见过的古诗是什么样的呢?下面是小编为大家整理的静夜思古诗,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。
《静夜思》出自唐诗三百首全集,其作者是唐朝文学家李白。其全文古诗如下:
床前明月光,疑是地上霜。
举头望明月,低头思故乡。
【翻译】
明亮的月光洒在窗户纸上,好像地上泛起了一层霜。我禁不住抬起头来,看那天窗外空中的一轮明月,不由得低头沉思,想起远方的家乡。
《大林寺桃花》作者为唐朝文学家白居易。古诗词全文如下:
人间四月芳菲尽,山寺桃花始盛开。
长恨春归无觅处,不知转入此中来。
【译文】
四月,正是*地上春归芳菲落尽的时候,高山古寺之中的桃花竟才刚刚盛放。我常常为春天的逝去,为其无处寻觅而伤感,此时重新遇到春景后,喜出望外,猛然醒悟:没想到春天反倒在这深山寺庙之中了。
一、复*旧课
出示学*步骤:
1、知诗人,解诗题。
2、抓字眼、明诗意。
3、品诗句、悟诗情。
4、诵感情、赏诗文。
二、学*课文
师:(放录像李白呤诵《静夜思》)请大家看录像听老师读这首诗。
(生认真听,一部分学生模仿)
师:你觉得哪一句诗写得好?
生1:我认为疑是地上霜写得好。
生2:我认为举头望明月这句写得好。
生3:低头思故乡这句写得好。
过渡:是的,这首诗写得很美,现在老师和大家一起学*。
1、学*第一行诗。
师:请大家齐读第一行诗。
生:(大声朗读)
师:你认为这句诗哪个词写得好?
生:明月光写得好。晚上看到明亮的月光,很容易思念家乡。
(字理识字:电脑课件出示 --明,两字进行对比让学生说出 表示日, 表示月,太阳与月亮同时出现表示非常亮。)
(师指导朗读,理解诗意)
2、学*第二行诗。
师:哪位同学喜欢第二行诗,请站起来读,读的时候要注意什么?
生1:疑是怀疑的意思,所以要读出疑问的语气。
生2:疑要重读。
(生朗读第二行诗)
师:读到这里你有什么疑问?
生1:李白为什么把月光当作白霜?
生2:因为霜和月光都是白色的。
生3:因为作者很晚不能入睡,产生错觉,所以把月光看成了白霜。
(指导读第二行诗,重读霜,体会诗意,然后齐读1、2行诗)
3、学*第三、四行诗。
师:刚才我们采用什么学*方法学*第一、二行诗?
生:抓字眼,明诗意;品诗句,悟诗情。
师:请大家采用以上的学*方法自学三、四行诗。
(学生自学,分组讨论学*。)
学生汇报自学情况。
生1:这首诗为什么说望明月而不是看明月?
生2:月亮离我们太远了,所以要望。
静夜思古诗及意思
导语:《静夜思》是唐代大诗人李白表达思乡之情的作品。这首诗虽然只有区区二十字,但是就流传的广泛程度来说,还没有一篇作品可以与之相比。下面由小编为您整理出的静夜思古诗及意思内容,一起来看看吧。
静夜思
唐代诗人:李白
床前明月光,疑是地上霜。
举头望明月,低头思故乡。
直译
明亮的月光洒在床前的窗户纸上,好像地上泛起了一层霜。
我禁不住抬起头来,看那天窗外空中的一轮明月,不由得低头沉思,想起远方的家乡。
韵译
皎洁月光洒满床,恰似朦胧一片霜。
仰首只见月一轮,低头教人倍思乡。
词句注释
⑴静夜思:安静的夜晚产生的思绪。此诗《乐府诗集》卷九〇列入《新乐府辞》。
⑵床:此字多有异议,今传五种说法。一说指井台;一说指井栏;一说是“窗”的通假字;一说坐卧的器具,此为本义;一说指胡床,古时一种可以折叠的轻便坐具,即“马扎”。
⑶疑:好像。
⑷举头:抬头。
创作背景
李白的《静夜思》一诗的写作时间是公元726年(唐玄宗开元之治十四年)旧历九月十五日左右。李白时年二十六岁,写作的地点是在当时扬州旅舍。其《秋夕旅怀》诗当为《静夜思》的续篇,亦同时同地所作。诗人李白在一个月明星稀的夜晚,诗人抬望天空一轮皓月,思乡之情油然而生,于是写下了这首传诵千古、中外皆知的名诗《静夜思》。
整体赏析
《静夜思》没有奇特新颖的想象,没有精工华美的辞藻,只是用叙述的语气,写远客思乡之情,然而它却意味深长,耐人寻绎,千百年来,如此广泛地吸引着读者。全诗从“疑”到“举头”,从“举头”到“低头”,形象地揭示了诗人内心活动,鲜明地勾勒出一幅生动形象的月夜思乡图,抒发了作者在寂静的月夜思念家乡的感受。
此诗写出了客中深夜不能成眠、短梦初回的情景。这时庭院是寂寥的,透过窗户的皎洁月光射到床前,带来了冷森森的秋宵寒意。诗人朦胧地乍一望去,在迷离恍惚的心情中,真好像是地上铺了一层白皑皑的浓霜;可是再定神一看,四周的环境告诉他,这不是霜痕而是月色。月色不免吸引着他抬头一看,一轮娟娟素魄正挂在窗前,秋夜的.太空是如此明净。秋月是分外光明的,然而它又是清冷的。对孤身远客来说,最容易触动旅思秋怀,使人感到客况萧条,年华易逝。凝望着月亮,也最容易使人产生遐想,想到故乡的一切,想到家里的亲人。想着,想着,头渐渐地低了下去,完全浸入于沉思之中。
前两句写诗人在作客他乡的特定环境中一刹那间所产生的错觉。一个作客他乡的人都会有这样的感受:白天奔波忙碌,倒还能冲淡离愁,到了夜深人静的时候,思乡的情绪,就难免一阵阵地在心头泛起波澜。在月明之夜,尤其是月色如霜的秋夜更是如此。“疑是地上霜”中的“疑”字,生动地表达了诗人睡梦初醒,迷离恍惚中将照射在床前的清冷月光误作铺在地面的浓霜。“霜”字用得更妙,既形容了月光的皎洁,又表达了季节的寒冷,还烘托出诗人飘泊他乡的孤寂凄凉之情。
后两句通过动作神态的刻画,深化思乡之情。“望”字照应了前句的“疑”字,表明诗人已从迷朦转为清醒,他翘首凝望着月亮,不禁想起,此刻他的故乡也正处在这轮明月的照耀下,自然引出了“低头思故乡”的结句。“低头”这一动作描画出诗人完全处于沉思之中。“思”字给读者留下丰富的想象:那家乡的父老兄弟、亲朋好友,那家乡的一山一水、一草一木,那逝去的年华与往事,无不在思念之中。一个“思”字所包涵的内容实在太丰富了。
短短四句诗,写得清新朴素,明白如话。构思细致而深曲,脱口吟成、浑然无迹。内容是单纯,却又是丰富的;内容是容易理解的,却又是体味不尽的。诗人所没有说的比他已经说出来的要多得多,体现了“自然”“无意于工而无不工”的妙境。
雅思阅读真题
还在为雅思考试熬夜奋战的小伙伴们看过来!为了帮助你们更好进行复*,小编特地整理了历年考试结束后网友的真题回忆,希望大家通过自己的努力最终拿下满意的成绩!
一、考试概述
本次考试的文章是三篇旧文章,难度中等。包含考古科学、生物科学以及商业三个领域的文章。
二、具体题目分析
Passage 1
题目:Ahead of the time
题号:旧题
参考文章:
Mammoth Kill
Mammoth is any species of the extinct genus Mammoths, proboscideans commonly equipped with long,curved tusks and in northern species, a covering of long hair. They lived from the Ptiocene epoch from around 5 million years ago,into the Hotocene at about 4,500 years ago,and were members of the family Elephantidae, which contains, along with mammoths, the two genera of modern elephants and their ancestors.
A
Like their modern relatives,mammoths were quite large. The largest known species reached heights in the region of 4m at the shoulder and weights up to 8 tonnes, while exceptionally large males may have exceeded 12 tonnes. However,most species of mammoth were only about as large as a modem. Asian elephant. Both sexes bore tusks. A first, small set appeared at about the age of six months and these were replaced at about 18 months by the permanent set. Growth of the permanent set was at a rate of about 1 to 6 inches per year. Based on studies of their close relatives, the modem elephants, mammoths probably had a gestation period of 22 months, resulting in a single calf being born. Their social structure was probably the same as that of African and Asian elephants, with females living in herds headed by a matriarch, whilst hulls lived solitary lives or formed loose groups after sexual maturity.
B
MEXICO CITY-Although it’s hard to imagine in this age of urban sprawl and auto mobiles. North America once belonged to mammoths,camels,ground sloths as large as cows, bear-size beavers and other formidable beasts. Somel 1,000 years ago,however, these large bodied mammals and others-about 70 species in all-disappeared. Their demise coincided roughly with the arrival of humans in the New World and dramatic climatic change-factors that have inspired several theories about the die-off. Yet despite decades of scientific investigation, the exact cause remains a mystery. Now new findings offer support to one of these controversial hypotheses: that human hunting drove this megafaunal menagerie (巨型动物兽群)to extinction. The overkill model emerged in the 1960s,when it was put forth by Paul S. Martin of the University of Arizona. Since then, critics have charged that no evidence exists to support the idea that the first Americans hunted to the extent necessary to cause these extinctions. But at the annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Mexico City last October, paleo ecologist John Alroy of the University of California at Santa Barbara argued that, in fact, hunting-driven extinction is not only plausible, it was unavoidable. He has determined, using a com*r simulation that even a very modest amount of hunting would have wiped these animals out.
C
Assuming an initial human population of 100 people that grew no more than 2 percent annually, Alroy determined that if each band of, say, 50 people killed 15 to 20 large mammals a year, humans could have eliminated the animal populations within 1,000 years. Large mammals in particular would have been vulnerable to the pressure because they have longer gestation periods than smaller mammals and their young require extended care.
D
Not everyone agrees with Alroy’s assessment. For one, the results depend in part on population-size estimates for the extinct animals-figures that are not necessarily reliable. But a more specific criticism comes from mammologist Ross D. E. Mac Phee of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, who points out that the relevant archaeological record contains barely a dozen examples of stone points embedded in mammoth bones (and none, its hould be noted, are known from other mega faunal remains)-hardly what one might expect if hunting drove these animals to extinction. Furthermore, some of these species had huge ranges the giant Jefferson's ground sloth’ for example, lived as far north as the Yukon and as far south as Mexico which would have made slaughtering them in numbers sufficient to cause their extinction rather implausible, he says.
E
MacPhee agrees that humans most likely brought about these extinctions (as well as others around the world that coincided with human arrival), but not directly. Rather he suggests that people may have introduced hyper lethal disease, perhaps through their dogs or hitchhiking vermin,which then spread wildly among the immunologically naive species of the New World. As in the overkill model, populations of large mammals would have a harder time recovering. Repeated outbreaks of a hyper disease could thus quickly drive them to the point of no return. So far Mac Phee does not have empirical evidence for the hyper disease hypothesis, and it won't be easy to come by: hyper lethal disease would kill far too quickly to leave its signature on the bones themselves. But he hopes that ***yses of tissue and DNA from the last mammoths to perish will eventually reveal murderous microbes.
F
The third explanation for what brought on this North American extinction does not involve human, beings. Instead, its proponents blame the loss on the weather. The Pleistocene epoch witnessed considerable climatic instability, explains paleontologist Russell W. Graham of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. As a result, certain habitats disappeared, and species that had once formed communities split apart. For some animals, this change brought opportunity. For much of the megafauna, however, the increasingly homogeneous environment left them with shrinking geographical ranges-a death sentence for large animals, which need large ranges. Although these creatures managed to maintain viable populations through most of the Pleistocene, the final major fluctuation-the so-called Younger Diyas event pushed them over the edge, Graham says. For his part, Alroy is convinced that human hunters demolished the titans of the Ice Age. The overkill model explains everything the disease and climate scenarios explain, he asserts, and makes accurate predictions about which species would eventually go extinct.“Personally,I’m a vegetarian,” he remarks, “and I find all of this kind of gross 一 bubelievable.”
Passage 2 :
题目:Chinese Yellow Citrus Ant for Biological Control
题型:判断题+配对题
题目:旧题
类似原文:
Chinese Yellow Citrus Ant for Biological Control
A
In 1476 , the farmers of Berne in Switzerland decided, according to this story, there was only one way to rid their fields of the cutworms(糖蛾)attacking their crops. They took the pests to court. The worms were tried, found guilty and excommunicated by the archbishop (大主教).In China, farmers had a more practical approach to pest control. Rather than rely on divine intervention (神学的调停),they put their faith in frogs, ducks and ants. Frogs and ducks were encouraged to snap up (吃下)the pests in the paddies (稻田)and the occasional plague of locusts (蝗虫).But the notion of biological control began with an ant. More specifically, the story says,it started with the predatory yellow citrus (柑橘)ant Oecophylla smaragdina , which has been polishing off (打败)pests in the orange groves of southern China for at least 1700 years. The yellow citrus ant (黄蚁)is a type of weaver ant, which binds leaves and twigs with silk to form a neat, tent-like nest. In the beginning, farmers made do with the odd ants’nest here and there. But it wasn’t long before growing demand led to the development of a thriving trade in nests and a new type of agriculture—ant fanning.
B Foran insect that bites, the yellow citrus ant is remarkably popular. Even byant standards, Oecophylla smaragdina is a fearsome predator. It’s big, runs fast and has a powerful nip—painful to humans but lethal to many of the insects that plague the orange groves of Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. And for at least 17 centuries. Chinese orange growers have harnessed these six-legged killing machines to keep their fruit groves healthy and productive. The story explains that citrus fruits evolved in the Far East and the Chinese discovered the delights of their flesh early on. As the ancestral home of oranges, lemons and pomelos, China also has the greatest diversity of citrus pests. And the trees that produce the sweetest fruits,the mandarins—or kan—attract a host of plant-eating insects, from black ants and sap-sucking mealy bugs to leaf-devouring caterpillars (毛毛虫). With so many enemies, fruit growers clearly had to have some way of protecting their orchards.
C
The West did not discover the Chinese orange growers' secret weapon until the early 20th century. At the time, Florida was suffering an epidemic of citrus canker (相橘溃疡)and in 1915 Walter Swingle,a plant physiologist working for the US Department of Agriculture, was, the story says, sent to China in search of varieties of orange that were resistant to the disease. Swingle spentsome time studying the citrus orchards around Guangzhou, and there he came across the story of the cultivated ant. These ants, he was told, were “grown”by the people of a small village nearby who sold them to the orange growers by the nestful (—整窝的).
D
The earliest report of citrus ants at work among the orange trees appears in a book on tropical and subtropical botany written by His Han in AD 304. “The people of Chiao-Chih sell in their markets ants in bags of rush matting. The nests are like silk. The bags are all attached to twigs and leaves which, with the ants inside the nests, are for sale. The ants are reddish-yellow in colour, bigger than ordinary ants. In the south if the kan trees do not have this kind of ant, the fruits will all be damaged by many harmful insects, and not a single fruit will be perfect.
E
Initially, farmers relied on nests which they collected from the wild or bought in the market where trade in nests was brisk. ‘It is said that in the south orange trees which are free of ants will have wormy fruits. Therefore the people race to buy nests for their orange trees, ‘wrote Liu Hsun in Strange Things Noted in the South, written about AD 890. The business quickly became more sophisticate. From the 10th century, country people began to trap ants in artificial nests baited with fat. “Fruit growing families buy these ants from vendors who make a business of collecting and selling such creatures, “wrote Chuang Chi-Yu in 1130. “They trap them by filling hogs 'or sheep’s bladders with fat and placing them with the cavities open next to the ants 'nests. They wait until the ants have migrated into the bladders and take them away. This is known as ‘rearing orange ants’. “Fanners attached the bladders to their trees, and in time the ants spread to other trees and built new nests. By the 17th century, growers were building bamboo walkways between their trees to speed the colonization of their orchards. The ants ran along these narrow bridges from one tree to another and established nests “by the hundreds of thousands”.
F
Did it work? The orange growers clearly thought so. One authority, Chi TaChun,writing in 1700,stressed how important it was to keep the fruit trees free of insect pests, especially caterpillars. “It is essential to eliminate them so that the trees are not injured. But hand labour is not nearly as efficient as ant power...”Swingle was just as impressed. Yet despite this reports, many Western biologists were skeptical. In the West, the idea of using one insect to destroy another was new and highly controversial. The first breakthrough had come in 1888,when the infant orange industry in California had been saved from extinction by the Australian vedalia beetle. This beetle was the only thing that had made any inroad into the explosion of cottony cushion scale that was threatening to destroy the state’s citrus crops. But, as Swingle now knew,California’s “first,’was nothing of the sort. The Chinese had been expert in biocontrol for many centuries.
G
The story goes on to say that the long tradition of ants in the Chinese orchards only began to waver in the 1950s and 1960s with the introduction of powerful organic (I guess the authormeans chemical insecticides). Although most fruit growers switched to chemicals, a few hung onto their ants. Those who abandoned ants in favour of chemicals quickly became disillusioned (幻想破灭). As costs soared and pests began to develop resistance to the chemicals, growers began to revive the old ant patrols. They had good reason to have faith in their insect workforce. Research in the early 1960s showed that as long as there were enough ants in the trees,they did an excellent job of dispatching some pests—mainly the larger insects—and had modest success against others. Trees with yellow ants produced almost 20 per cent more healthy leaves than those without. More recent trials have shown that these trees yield just as big a crop as those protected by expensive chemical sprays.
H
Oneapparent drawback of using ants—and one of the main reasons for the early skepticism by Western scientists—was that citrus ants do nothing to control mealy bugs, waxy-coated scale insects which can do considerable damage to fruit trees. In fact,the ants protect mealy bugs in exchange for the sweet honeydew they secrete. The orange growers always denied this was a problem but Western scientists thought they knew better. Research in the 1980s suggests that the growers were right all along. Where mealy bugs proliferate under the ants ‘protection they are usually heavily parasitized and this limits the harm they can do. Orange growers who rely on carnivorous ants rather than poisonous chemicals maintain a better balance of species in their orchards. While the ants deal with the bigger insect pests, other predatory species keep down the numbers of smaller pests such as scale insects and aphids(蚜虫). In the long run, ants do a lot less damage than chemicals—and they’re certainly more effective than excommunication.
Questions 14-18
Use the information in the passage to match the year (listed A-G) with correct description below. Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once
A 1888
B 1476
C 1915
D 1700
中唐诗人张籍,是韩愈门下高足,以一句“还君明珠双泪垂,恨不相逢未嫁时”而天下闻名。
张籍四十岁的时候在宫中任太常太祝,掌管神主版位和焚香祝祷。一干就是十年。除了写诗,张籍还喜欢把杜甫的诗焚烧成灰,和蜜一起吞。
如此“瞎搞一通”,十年之后,张籍终于铸就了被王安石称为“看似寻常最奇崛”的独特诗风。下面将要提到的一首七绝《秋思》,就是这种风格的代表作。
《秋思》——唐·张籍
洛阳城里见秋风,欲作家书意万重。
复恐匆匆说不尽,行人临发又拆封。
诗歌意译:洛阳城里吹起了秋风,今年我还是不能回家。想给家人写一封信,心中有万千情意,但是一时之间,哪里说得完。信使说他马上就要出发,可是我又把写好的信,重新拆了封。
张籍所处的时代,正是唐诗主流风格从浪漫主义向现实主义过渡的时期,因此这首诗是典型的以赋为诗。第一句“洛阳城里见秋风”,简直是大白话加*铺直叙。但是细细咀嚼,却是有意思的。
中*诗从《楚辞》开始,“秋风”在古诗中自带凄凉意象。晋代张翰见秋风起,就思念家乡的莼菜羹和鲈鱼脍,于是辞官回到自己的家乡。所以诗中说“见秋风”,就是想家了。
但是,张籍千里迢迢来到长安,才谋得一个小官,贫穷让他不可能像张翰一般潇洒,辞官归乡。他想给家人写信,可写什么呢?一提笔心中就涌起万语千言,有说不完的话,表达不完的情绪。
什么都想写,就怕什么都没说透彻。他匆匆写好信,又担心有什么遗漏。这时送信的人又在门外催促。他咬着笔杆子在心里说:别催啦,别催啦!你再催,我又把信拆了。让我看看,还有什么可以说……
这送信的人怕是要被他给急死!但是这也不能怪他呀,谁叫那个时候没有微信和电话呢。这一首七言绝句,把写信人的那种心情,描摹得细致入微,颇有一点“重剑无锋,大巧不工”的意思。
王安石赞他:“看似寻常最奇崛,成如容易却艰辛。”因为张籍的这一份功力并不是凭空得来,而是耗费了他十余年心血,以差一点双目失明的代价换来的。
这首《秋思》虽然只有短短二十八个字,却叙述了一个完整的故事场景。并且还自带戏剧冲突。作者在这厢唯恐太匆忙说不清,绞尽脑汁想多写两个字,而信使在那厢随时准备要出发。
古代没邮政系统,送信全靠两条腿往来奔走。距离很远,一趟要几个月。早点出发,也好早一点回来。结果作者一直磨叽,你不催他,只怕他要写到天荒地老,“一胎生出七十五亿宝”什么的。
结果你一催,他不但不把信递过来,反而把刚封好的信又给拆了!你以为他是想起什么,要提笔补充吗?其实才不是呢。他就是觉得有说不完的话,想对亲人表达。
这就是一个很富有戏剧性的场景,人物的感情,矛盾冲突,全都齐备了。但是并没有很明确地告诉你,作者是在给谁写家书,内容是什么。只是从生活原型中提炼出来一个经典的意象,自然让人读来,回味无穷。
张籍发迹得比较晚,他大概在贞元八年(公元792年)二十六岁时才第一次到长安谋求出仕。但是因为京中并无亲友,最后落泊而归。
不过幸运的是,他在长安遇到了后来的至交好友孟郊。后来孟郊三试及第,又把他推荐给了韩愈当门生。说是门生,其实二人的年龄差不多。因此韩愈非常喜欢张籍,他多次写诗、写文章表达他对张籍的喜爱之情。
他在《此日足可惜赠张籍》说:我原来不知道你有这个人,孟郊说你文章写得好,我就对你日思夜想。奈何我在朝为官,不能亲自去找你。现在你来了,我下了班马上派车来接你到我家。
贞元十四年(公元798年),韩愈主持汴州的省考,张籍就跑到他那边去考试,写了一首叫《反舌无声》的诗。
然后顺利通过考试不算,当老师的韩愈,居然写诗吹自己的学生,“驰辞对我策,章句何炜煌”。后来参加会试时,遇到一个非常严肃的官员,但是张籍依然凭借自己的真本事,一举考中。
再后来张籍去地方上当推官,路过徐州去看老师。韩愈对这个学生日思夜想,他说:我每一天都在盼着你来,你不知道我心里想你是多么痛苦。每一次和你聊天,我都会忘记吃饭,也不觉得困。我们连续聊了三十天,每一天都通宵达旦。现在你走了,我又要枯坐在家中想你了。
不久之后,张籍的母亲去世了,他就回家去守丧。韩愈听说他在家里过得很不好,立即就给孟郊写信去说:张籍在家里丁忧,穷得不行,我怕你不知道,你赶紧去看一看他。
后来,张籍丁忧期满之后,终于可以去长安当官了,但是只被任命为唐宫中一个管神主牌位的九品官。薪水微薄,可他还不能辞官,因为他家里太穷了。
张籍在这个叫太常太祝的官位上,一坐就是十年,连白居易都写诗为他打抱不*。但是韩愈当时也颇不顺利,根本没有办法帮助他。推测《秋思》一诗,大概就是他在这一段时间所写。
想念家乡的亲人,可是他没有办法回到家乡。这位古代大诗人,屈才当了一个皇家“庙祝”。每天搞些焚香化灰的事情。所以没事干了,就把偶像杜甫的诗也化成符水喝一喝。
由于长期营养不良加上苦读诗书,张籍患上了严重的眼疾,差一点就失明了。韩愈写信四处托人替他找工作。过了三年,张籍的眼疾才治好。
后来再度回到任上,一路升迁,从太常太祝升到了国子监博士,最后官至主客郎中(从五品)。沉寂十年,五十岁才得升迁。张籍升官的时候,白居易、刘禹锡、裴度等人都去祝贺他。
张继有大才,不过他一生的起起落落,的确也和恩师韩愈提携,有割不断的联系。只是韩愈一直没有把他当成自己的学生,而是当成了人生中的挚友。
从前提起《秋思》,首先想到的是马致远的《天净沙·秋思》,而不是张籍的这一首《秋思》。马致远的《天净沙·秋思》是一幅又一幅的风景画,而张籍的《秋思》则是一个连贯的动作场景。张籍《秋思》大巧不工,表面上看,仿佛不及前者意像丰富,却在句末奇峰突起。
信使临行,诗人却拆开信封。只因心中有太多太多的话,还没有讲完。这一举动看似违背常理,却显得非常真实,令人回味无穷。
静夜思古诗拼音版
《静夜思》这首诗写的是在寂静的月夜思念家乡的感受。下面是小编收集整理的静夜思古诗拼音版,希望对您有所帮助。
静夜思古诗拼音版
jìng yè sī
静 夜 思
lǐ bái
李 白
chuáng qián míng yuè guāng
床 前 明 月 光
yí shì dì shàng shuāng
疑 是 地 上 霜
jǔ tóu wàng míng yuè
举 头 望 明 月
dì tóu sī gù xiāng
低 头 思 故 乡
直译
明亮的月光洒在床前的窗户纸上,好像地上泛起了一层霜。
我禁不住抬起头来,看那天窗外空中的一轮明月,不由得低头沉思,想起远方的家乡。
韵译
皎洁月光洒满床,恰似朦胧一片霜。
仰首只见月一轮,低头教人倍思乡。
注释
⑴静夜思:静静的夜里,产生的思绪。
⑵床:今传五种说法。
一指井台。
二指井栏。
三“床”即“窗”的通假字。
四取本义,即坐卧的器具,《诗经·小雅·斯干》有“载寐之牀”,《易·剥牀·王犊注》亦有“在下而安者也。”之说,讲得即是卧具。
五马未都等认为,床应解释为胡床。
⑶疑:好像。
⑷举头:抬头。
古诗静夜思赏析
这首诗写的是在寂静的月夜思念家乡的感受。
诗的前两句,是写诗人在作客他乡的特定环境中一刹那间所产生的错觉。一个独处他乡的人,白天奔波忙碌,倒还能冲淡离愁,然而一到夜深人静的时候,心头就难免泛起阵阵思念故乡的波澜。何况是在月明之夜,更何况是月色如霜的秋夜。“疑是地上霜”中的“疑”字,生动地表达了诗人睡梦初醒,迷离恍惚中将照射在床前的清冷月光误作铺在地面的浓霜。而“霜”字用得更妙,既形容了月光的皎洁,又表达了季节的`寒冷,还烘托出诗人飘泊他乡的孤寂凄凉之情。
诗的后两句,则是通过动作神态的刻画,深化思乡之情。“望”字照应了前句的“疑”字,表明诗人已从迷朦转为清醒,他翘首凝望着月亮,不禁想起,此刻他的故乡也正处在这轮明月的照耀下。于是自然引出了“低头思故乡”的结句。“低头”这一动作描画出诗人完全处于沉思之中。而“思”字又给读者留下丰富的想象:那家乡的父老兄弟、亲朋好友,那家乡的一山一水、一草一木,那逝去的年华与往事……无不在思念之中。一个“思”字所包涵的内容实在太丰富了。
明人胡应麟说:“太白诸绝句,信口而成,所谓无意于工而无不工者。”(《诗薮·内编》卷六)王世懋认为:“(绝句)盛唐惟青莲(李白)、龙标(王昌龄)二家诣极。李更自然,故居王上。”(《艺圃撷馀》)怎样才算“自然”,才是“无意于工而无不工”呢?这首《静夜思》就是个样榜。所以胡氏特地把它提出来,说是“妙绝古今”。
这首小诗,既没有奇特新颖旳想象,更没有精工华美旳辞藻;它只是用叙述旳语气,写远客思乡之情,然而它却意味深长,耐人寻味,千百年来,如此广泛地吸引着读者。
一个作客他乡旳人,大概都会有这样旳感觉吧:白天倒还罢了,到了夜深人静旳时候,思乡旳情绪,就难免一阵阵地在心头泛起波澜;何况是月明之夜,更何况是明月如霜旳秋夜!
月白霜清,是清秋夜景;以霜色形容月光,也是古典诗歌中所经常看到旳。例如梁简文帝萧纲《玄圃纳凉》诗中就有“夜月似秋霜”之句;而稍早于李白旳唐代诗人张若虚在《春江花月夜》里,用“空里流霜不觉飞”来写空明澄澈旳月光,给人以立体感,尤见构思之妙。可是这些都是作为一种修辞旳手段而在诗中出现旳。这诗旳“疑是地上霜”,是叙述,而非摹形拟象旳状物之辞,是诗人在特定环境中一刹那间所产生旳错觉。为什么会有这样旳错觉呢?不难想象,这两句所描写旳是客中深夜不能成眠、短梦初回旳情景。这时庭院是寂寥旳,透过窗户旳皎洁月光射到床前,带来了冷森森旳秋宵寒意。诗人朦胧地乍一望去,在迷离恍惚旳心情中,真好象是地上铺了一层白皑皑旳浓霜;可是再定神一看,四周围旳环境告诉他,这不是霜痕而是月色。月色不免吸引着他抬头一看,一轮娟娟素魄正挂在窗前,秋夜旳太空是如此旳明净!这时,他完全清醒了。
秋月是分外光明的,然而它又是清冷的。对孤身远客来说,最容易触动旅思秋怀,使人感到客况萧条,年华易逝。凝望着月亮,也最容易使人产生遐想,想到故乡的一切,想到家里的亲人。想着,想着,头渐渐地低了下去,完全浸入于沉思之中。
从“疑”到“举头”,从“举头”到“低头”,形象地揭示了诗人内心活动,鲜明地勾勒出一幅生动形象的月夜思乡图。
短短四句诗,写得清新朴素,明白如话。它的内容是单纯的,但同时却又是丰富的。它是容易理解的,却又是体味不尽的。诗人所没有说的比他已经说出来的要多得多。它的构思是细致而深曲的,但却又是脱口吟成、浑然无迹的。从这里,读者不难领会到李白绝句的“自然”、“无意于工而无不工”的妙境。
静夜思古诗诗句赏析
《静夜思》是唐代诗人李白所作的一首五言古诗,此诗描写了秋日夜晚,诗人于屋内抬头望月的所感。为了帮助同学们更好的理解学*这首古诗,小编今天为大家带来了关于《静夜思》古诗诗句的赏析,希望对同学们学*上提供到一定的帮助。
创作背景
李白《静夜思》一诗的写作时间是公元726年旧历九月十五日左右,李白时年十十六岁,写作地点在当时扬州旅舍。其《秋夕旅怀》诗当为《静夜思》的续篇,亦同时同地所作。李白在一个月明星稀的夜晚,诗人抬望天空一轮皓月,思乡之情油然而生,写下了这首传诵千古、中外皆知的名诗《静夜思》。
静夜思
唐代:李白
床前明月光,疑是地上霜。
诗的前两句,是写诗人在作客他乡的特定环境中一刹那间所产生的错觉。一个独处他乡的人,白天奔波忙碌,倒还能冲淡离愁,然而一到夜深人静的时候,心头就难免泛起阵阵思念故乡的波澜。
何况是在月明之夜,更何况是月色如霜的秋夜。“疑是地上霜”中的“疑”字,生动地表达了诗人睡梦初醒,迷离恍惚中将照射在床前的清冷月光误作铺在地面的浓霜。而“霜”字用得更妙,既形容了月光的皎洁,又表达了季节的寒冷,还烘托出诗人飘泊他乡的孤寂凄凉之情。
举头望明月,低头思故乡。
诗的后两句,则是通过动作神态的刻画,深化思乡之情。“望”字照应了前句的“疑”字,表明诗人已从迷朦转为清醒,他翘首凝望着月亮,不禁想起,此刻他的故乡也正处在这轮明月的照耀下。
于是自然引出了“低头思故乡”的结句。“低头”这一动作描画出诗人完全处于沉思之中。而“思”字又给读者留下丰富的想象:那家乡的父老兄弟、亲朋好友,那家乡的一山一水、一草一木,那逝去的年华与往事……无不在思念之中。一个“思”字所包涵的内容实在太丰富了。
直译
明亮的月光洒在床前的窗户纸上,好像地上泛起了一层霜。
我禁不住抬起头来,看那天窗外空中的一轮明月,不由得低头沉思,想起远方的家乡。
韵译
皎洁月光洒满床,恰似朦胧一片霜。
仰首只见月一轮,低头教人倍思乡。
注释
⑴静夜思:静静的夜里,产生的思绪 。
⑵床:今传五种说法。
一指井台。已经有学者撰文考证过,中国教育家协会理事程实将考证结果写成论文发表在刊物上,还和好友创作了《诗意图》。
二指井栏。从考古发现来看,中国最早的水井是木结构水井,古代井栏有数米高,成方框形围住井口,防止人跌入井内,这方框形既像四堵墙,又像古代的床。因此古代井栏又叫银床,说明井和床有关系,其关系的发生则是由于两者在形状上的相似和功能上的类同。古代井栏专门有一个字来指称,即“韩”字。《说文》释“韩”为“井垣也”,即井墙之意。
三“床”即“窗”的通假字。本诗中的‘床’字,是争论和异议的焦点,我们可以做一下基本推理。本诗的写作背景是在一个明月夜,很可能是月圆前后,作者由看到月光,再看到明月,又引起思乡之情。
既然作者抬头看到了明月,那么作者不可能身处室内,在室内随便一抬头,是看不到月亮的。因此我们断定,‘床’是室外的一件物什,至于具体是什么,很难考证。从意义上讲,‘床’可能与‘窗’通假,而且在窗户前面是可能看到月亮的。但是,参照宋代版本,‘举头望山月’,便可证实作者所言乃是室外的月亮。从时间上讲,宋代版本比明代版本在对作者原意的忠诚度上,更加可靠。
四取本义,即坐卧的器具,《诗经·小雅·斯干》有“载寐之牀”,《易·剥牀·王犊注》亦有“在下而安者也。”之说,讲得即是卧具。
五马未都等认为,床应解释为胡床。胡床,亦称“交床”、“交椅”、“绳床”。古时一种可以折叠的轻便坐具,马扎功能类似小板凳,但人所坐的面非木板,而是可卷折的布或类似物,两边腿可合起来。现代人常为古代文献中或诗词中的“胡床”或“床”所误。至迟在唐时,“床”仍然是“胡床”(即马扎,一种坐具)。
⑶疑:好像。
⑷举头:抬头。
赏析
明人胡应麟说:“太白诸绝句,信口而成,所谓无意于工而无不工者。”(《诗薮·内编》卷六)王世懋认为:“(绝句)盛唐惟青莲(李白)、龙标(王昌龄)二家诣极。李更自然,故居王上。”(《艺圃撷馀》)怎样才算“自然”,才是“无意于工而无不工”呢?这首《静夜思》就是个样榜。所以胡氏特地把它提出来,说是“妙绝古今”。
这首小诗,既没有奇特新颖的想象,更没有精工华美的辞藻;它只是用叙述的语气,写远客思乡之情,然而它却意味深长,耐人寻味,千百年来,如此广泛地吸引着读者。
一个作客他乡的人,大概都会有这样的感觉吧:白天倒还罢了,到了夜深人静的时候,思乡的情绪,就难免一阵阵地在心头泛起波澜;何况是月明之夜,更何况是明月如霜的秋夜!
月白霜清,是清秋夜景;以霜色形容月光,也是古典诗歌中所经常看到的。例如梁简文帝萧纲《玄圃纳凉》诗中就有“夜月似秋霜”之句;而稍早于李白的唐代诗人张若虚在《春江花月夜》里,用“空里流霜不觉飞”来写空明澄澈的月光,给人以立体感,尤见构思之妙。可是这些都是作为一种修辞的手段而在诗中出现的。这诗的“疑是地上霜”,是叙述,而非摹形拟象的状物之辞,是诗人在特定环境中一刹那间所产生的.错觉。为什么会有这样的错觉呢?不难想象,这两句所描写的是客中深夜不能成眠、短梦初回的情景。这时庭院是寂寥的,透过窗户的皎洁月光射到床前,带来了冷森森的秋宵寒意。诗人朦胧地乍一望去,在迷离恍惚的心情中,真好象是地上铺了一层白皑皑的浓霜;可是再定神一看,四周围的环境告诉他,这不是霜痕而是月色。月色不免吸引着他抬头一看,一轮娟娟素魄正挂在窗前,秋夜的太空是如此的明净!这时,他完全清醒了。
秋月是分外光明的,然而它又是清冷的。对孤身远客来说,最容易触动旅思秋怀,使人感到客况萧条,年华易逝。凝望着月亮,也最容易使人产生遐想,想到故乡的一切,想到家里的亲人。想着,想着,头渐渐地低了下去,完全浸入于沉思之中。
从“疑”到“举头”,从“举头”到“低头”,形象地揭示了诗人内心活动,鲜明地勾勒出一幅生动形象的月夜思乡图。
短短四句诗,写得清新朴素,明白如话。它的内容是单纯的,但同时却又是丰富的。它是容易理解的,却又是体味不尽的。诗人所没有说的比他已经说出来的要多得多。它的构思是细致而深曲的,但却又是脱口吟成、浑然无迹的。从这里,读者不难领会到李白绝句的“自然”、“无意于工而无不工”的妙境。
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