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后置定语从句
后置定语是英语和汉语中不可或缺的重要语法内容之一,而英语后置定语在构成上比汉语后置定语要更加多样化,下面是小编整理的什么是英语的后置定语,欢迎阅读。
什么是英语的后置定语
定语的位置一般有两种:用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语,用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语。例:This is a very interesting book. 这是一本很有趣的书。一般情况下,修饰名词或代词的词多放在被修饰词之前,但在以下几种情况下,修饰名词或代词的定语却放在它们之后,这种定语我们称之为后置定语。
英语后置定语的讲解
一、形容词作疑问词的后置定语
修饰疑问词what, which, who, whose, whom, when, where, why, how时,修饰语要后置。例如:
1)What important would you like to talk about?你将谈论什么重量的事情?
2)Who else will go with us?还有谁将和我们一起去?
3)Where new have they decided to visit?他们决定到哪些没有去过的地方参观?
二、形容词作复合不定代词的后置定语
当被修饰词为复合不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything; somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody; someone, anyone, everyone, no one时,修饰语常位于被修饰的不定代词之后。例如:
1)I have something important to tell you.我有些重要的事情要告诉你。
2)Do you have anything else to say about it?关于这件事,你还有什么要说的吗?
3)Someone important will give the students a lecture on the current international situation this afternoon.今天下午,一位重要的`人物将给学生们做一场有关当前国际形势的报告。
三、enough作后置定语
enough(a.)修饰名词时既可以在名词前,也可以在名词后。例如:
1)We have not enough time(or time enough)to do the job.我们没有足够的时间做该工作。
2)They have enough people(or people enough)to do the experiment.他们有足够多的人手做这个实验。
但enoush(odv.)修饰形容词或副词时,须位于被修饰的形容词或副词之后。例如:good enough (足够好的),large enough(够大的),fast enough(够快),well enough(相当好)。
四、部分副词作后置定语
above(上方的),below(下面的),on(活动,进行,上演),out(外出),back(后面的),away(离开的)等修饰名词时位于被修饰词之后。例如:
1)The clouds above began to get thicker,上方的云开始密集起来。
2)From the hill top we could see the plain below.从山顶上我们可以看到下面的*原。
3)She went to see them on the evening out.凡她晚上外出总去看他们。
五、介词短语作后置定语
the bird in the tree树上的那只小鸟
the map on the wall墙上的地图
the development of China*的发展
the standard of living生活水*
the south side of the Changjiang river长江*
the way to the hotel去旅馆的路
the life in the future未来的生活
六、动词不定式作后置定语
1.在某些名型结构中可用动词不定式作后置定语。例如:
1)I have tons of letters to answer.我有很多信要回。
2)She needed someone to take care of her baby.她需要人照看她的婴儿。
3)They were the first to bear hardships, the last to enjoy comforts.他们吃苦在前,享受在后。
4)He is a nice man to work with.他是个好相处的人。
5)There are a lot of things for us to be done.有许多事情要做。
6)There will be a very important person to come to our school this weekend.本周末有个重要人物来我们学校。
2.在某些名词后可用动词不定式作定语。例如:ability, anxiety, attempt, decision, chance, courage, right, determination, promise, ambition, drive, effort, eagerness, failure, inclination, intention, movement, need, opportunity, plan, reason, struggle, time, way, wish等等。例句:
1)Has he the ability to do the work?他有能力干这项工作吗?
2)I don't have the courage to tell you the secret.我没有勇气告诉你那个秘密。
3)You have no right to do such a thing!你没有做这样的事的权利!
4)I'll show you my determination to stop smoking.我将向你们表明我戒烟的决心。
3.动词不定式有时可以代替一个定语从句和后置定语。例如:
(1)Perhaps in the years to come(=that will come)we will meet again.也许在未来的岁月中我们还会再见面。
(2)In the lectures to follow(=that will follow), she talked of her trip to America.在后来的讲座中,她谈到了她的美国之行。
(3)She made a list of things to be taken(= which/that will be taken)on the way.她开了一张要带在路上用的物品清单。
另外,动词不定式还可以和关系代词which连用作定语:
定语后置与定语从句
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 主要有形容词、名词,此外还有代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句等相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。以下是小编为您搜集整理提供到的定语后置与定语从句内容,希望对您有所帮助!
定语后置与定语从句
一.介词短语作后置定语,如the bird in the tree(树上的小鸟),the standard of living(生活水*),the way to the hotel(去旅馆的路),the life in the future(未来的生活)。
二.不定式短语作后置定语,用来修饰限定其前的名词或名词性短语。分为以下三类:
1. 在某些名词结构中可用动词不定式作后置定语。
I have a lot of homework to do.
He is the first to finish the task.
There are a lot of things to do.
2. 在某些抽象名词后可用动词不定式作后置定语,具体说明抽象名词的内容。常见名词有ability, anxiety, attempt, decision, chance, courage, right, determination, promise, ambition, effort, drive, eagerness, failure, inclination, intention, movement, need, opportunity, plan, reason, struggle, time, way, wish等。例句:
He has the ability to do the work.
I don’t have the courage to tell you the secret.
3. 动词不定式有时可替代一个定语从句,与其前修饰的名词是主动关系,在时态上含有将来的含义。例如:
Perhaps in the years to come(=that will come),we will meet again.
In the lectures to follow(=that will follow), she talked about her trip to China.
三、分词短语作后置定语。这时一般可以改写为定语从句,现在分词作后置定语与修饰的名词是主动关系,过去分词作后置定语与修饰的名词是被动关系。例如,
S1:There is a lady waiting for you.=There is a lady who waits for you.
S2:What is the language spoken in China?=What is the language which is spoken in China?
S1中,lady和wait之间是主动关系,S2中,language与spoken之间是被动关系。
我们在写作时,为了让句子结构更为高级,或是达到句式多样的目的,常用分词短语作后置定语来代替定语从句。如在2012年的`考研英语作文中,我们在描图表示两个人对同样的半瓶水表现出不同的态度时,可以说:As is shown in the picture, there is a contrast between two men facing the same problem with half a bottle of water. 在这个英语句子中,我们用现在分词短语作men的后置定语,相当于定语从句who face the same problem with half a bottle of water. 再如,在表达一个人眉头紧缩,因为水撒了发出叹息,可以说:The one frowning in anxiety is sighing because the water is spoilt out of the bottle。此句中,现在分词短语作one的后置定语,相当于从句who frowns in anxiety。用现在分词短语代替从句可以使句式更简短,句型也更为高级,更加丰富,同时也显示出考生深厚的语*底。
后置定语和定语从句
英语是按照分布面积而言最流行的语言,但母语者数量是世界第三,仅次于汉语、西班牙语。下面是小编收集整理的后置定语和定语从句,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。
一、后置定语
1)介词词组作后置定语
Bob has never touched money in the drawer.
鲍勃从未碰过抽屉里的钱。
The chip in the phone is the most important part.
手机中的芯片是最重要的部件。
The map of Shanghai is 100 years old.
那幅上海地图已经有100年历史了。
模仿造句:
1.汤姆从未碰过袋子里的金子。
2.那房间里的床是新的。
2)不定式(词组)作后置定语
I have ten books to read.
我有10本要读的书。
There is nothing to be done.
没有能做的事。
We planned a partyto be held in the open.
我们计划了一个在露天举行的晚会。
模仿造句:
1.他有2个要听的故事。
2.有1橦房子待建。
3)单个动名词作后置定语(较少)
I will tell you something exciting.
我要告诉你一件令人兴奋的事。
The dog barking is not a dog biting.
叫狗不咬人。
模仿造句:
1.他要给你一本有趣的书。
2.爱说大话的人不太靠谱。
4)动名词词组作后置定语
The bady moved towards the small dog lying on the floor.
婴儿爬向躺在地板上的小狗。
The girl running atthe head is my sister.
跑在前头的女孩是我的姐姐。
No one is responsible for the water flowing out in vain.
没有人对白白流走的水负责。
模仿造句:
1.小孩爬赂在沙发(sofa)上睡觉的小猫。
2.跑在第一排(row)的学生来自*。
二、定语从句
一、定语从句的引导词
1、一共有9个:who, whom , whose, that, which, when,where, why, as
与名词从句相比:定从不能由what和how引导;which的含义改变;定从内部的介词可以放引导词前。
2、引导词的功能有哪些?
(1)引导定语从句
(2)代替先行词在定语从句中充当一个成分。(先行词在从句中不再出现)
二、定语从句的关键
1、首先,要能判断出该从句是什么从句:
(1)放句首没有用逗号分开的,一般是主语从句,也有可能是状语从句,但从句结束后若有体现时态变化的动词,则一定是主语从句。
定语后置和主语从句
定语是修饰名词或代词的。定语有前置定语和后置定语之分。一般来说,形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格等作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前做前置定语。下面是小编帮大家整理的定语后置和主语从句,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。
定语后置
英语中的定语有一些要后置,这与汉语的*惯不同,因此学生在使用时容易出错。本文谈谈下列情况下的定语后置:
1、某些表示地点、方位、时间的副词作定语时,通常要后置。例如:
Do you know the lady downstairs ?
你认识楼下的那位女士吗?
The people there are going to Beijing.
那里的人们打算去北京。
The life tomorrow will be more comfortable.
明天的生活将令人感到更舒适。
2、介词短语作定语时,必须后置。例如:
The friendship between the two countries will last forever . 两国之间的友谊将长存。
The ball under the chair is mine.
椅子下的球是我的。
3、非谓语动词短语(不定式和分词)作定语时,必须后置。例如:
The people living here are fond of folk songs.
住在这里的人们喜爱民歌。
What is the language spoken in this African country ? 这个非洲国家讲什么语言?
This is the gentleman to be interviewed next time.
这是下次要采访的先生。
4、从句作定语时,必须后置。例如:
She married a man who is rich.
她嫁给了一位有钱人。
The officer visited an island where only two soldiers live .
这位军官访问了只有两位战士居住的一个岛屿。
5、其他定语后置现象
(1)形容词修饰不定代词时,通常要后置。
例如:
What’s the matter with you ? 您怎么啦?
Nothing serious. 没啥大不了的事儿。
There’s something wrong with the machine.
这机器有毛病。
(2)形容词短语作定语时,通常后置。例如:
Italian is a Language very difficult to learn.
意大利语是一门非常难学的语言。
She has a garden much larger than yours .
她的花园比你的花园大得多。
(3)含有-able , -ible 等后缀的形容词作定语时,常放在被修饰的词后面。例如:
The travellers have tried all the ways possible.
这些旅行者已试过了所有可能通的路。
I have a com*r available.
我有一台可使用的电脑。
(4)某些形容词如alive 、asleep等作定语时,必须后置。例如:
The lady is one of the greatest novelist alive.
这位女士是当今最伟大的小说家之一。
The man asleep in bed is my elder brother .
熟睡在床上的人是我哥哥。
注:某些形容词前置与后置时,意义有很大的区别。例如:
The present government supports the USA.
The Smiths , and other people present were surprised at the news .
介词后面定语从句
英语最早被中世纪的英国使用,并因其广阔的殖民地而成为世界使用面积最广的语言。下面是小编为大家整理的介词后面定语从句,欢迎阅读与收藏。
1.由“介词+关系代词”
引导的定语从句主要用于正式文体,在非正式文体中通常将介词放至句末。如:This is the man to whom I referred. 我指的就是这个人。This is the man (whom) I referred to. 我指的就是这个人。
2. 直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词which不能换成that,直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词whom不能换成who:
介词用于句末,则用作宾语的which, whom也可换成that, who,或者省略不同。如:这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。This is a subject about which we have talked a lot.(which不能换成that,也不能省略)This is a subject which we have talked about a lot. 这是一个我们讨论了许多的`问题。(which可以换成that,也可以省略)
3. 关系副词when, where, why根据情况有时可换成“介词+关系代词which”。
如: That is the day when [=on which] he was born. 那就是他出生的日子。That is the house where [=in which] he lived. 那就是他住过的房子。That is the reason why [=for which] he must apologize. 那就是他必须道歉的原因。
4. 在很正式的文体中,“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句可紧缩成“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构。
如:在那儿孩子们有个玩耍的花园。正:There the children had a garden in which to play. (很正式)正:There the children had a garden in which they could play. (较正式)正:There the children had a garden to play in. (较口语化)注:这类“介词+关系代词++不定式”结构中的介词不能没有,也不能放在句末。如不能说There the children had a garden which to play in.
练*题目:
1.I know the boy ____________ you gave the book____________.
A.whom;to B.which;to C.to whom;to D.that;to him
2.Harbin is the very place ____________ I’m anxious to pay a visit.
A.that B.which C.on which D.to which
3.Have you been to Hangzhou____________ West Lake is the most beautiful in our country?
A.whose B.which C.that D.where
4.I know the student ____________ you borrowed the pen.
A.that B.from whom C.from which D.whom
5.Here are players from Japan,____________ are our old friends.
A.that B.where C.they D.who
6.They arrived at the farmhouse in front of ____________ sat a small boy.
A.the place B.it C.which D.that
7.That is the day ____________ I’ll never forget.
A./ B.on which C.in which D.when
8.The letter is from my sister,____________ is working in Beijing.
A.which B.that C.who D.she
9.I bought a book,____________ I can’t remember now.
A.its title B.whose title C.the title of it D.the title of that
10.I want to use the same dictionary ____________ was used yesterday.
A.which B.what C.like D.as
11.He is good at English,____________ we all know.
A.that B.as C.this D.what
12.I’ll never forget the days ________ we spent together in the countryside.
A.when B.on which C.which D.in which
13.This is the best film ____________ I have ever seen.
A.that B.which C.now that D.if
14.He is the only one of the students ____________ from Shanghai.
A.who is B.who are C.they are D.that come
15.Mr Scott is one of the foreign experts who ____________ in China.
A.works B.is working C.are working D.has been working
16.I,who ____________ in America,feel proud of being a Chinese.
A.is B./ C.am D.being
17.He’ll never forget the people and the place ________ she visited in Beijing last year.
A.that B.which C.whom D.where
18.Do you know the reason ____________ he was late?
A.for what B.which C.for which D.that
1~5 ADABD 6~10 CACBD 11~18 BCAAC CAC
用关系代词填空.(答案可能不唯一)(that, which, who, whom, whose)
1. These books _____________ you lent me were very useful.
2. The storybook ____________ I have just read cannot be easily forgotten.
定语从句的后置翻译法讲解
定语从句是指一类由关系词引导的从句,因为这类从句的句*能多是做定语,所以曾被称为定语从句,这类从句除了可以做定语之外,还可以充当状语等其他成分,所以现代语言学多使用“关系从句”这一术语。以下是小编整理的定语从句的后置翻译法讲解,一起来看看吧。
一、初识后置译法
英语中很多定语从句都是为了连接两个具有共同名词的句子而存在的,因此在翻译时最好分为两个分句。而对于起限定作用的定语从句,如果结构较为复杂,句子太长,无法译成前置定语,最好就是译成一个后置的并列分句,这样会更合乎汉语的*惯。
【例】
Our war against terror is a contest of will in which perseverance is power.
我们的反恐战争是一场意志力的较量。在这场较量中,不屈不挠的精神就是力量。
I propose to offer a theory which , as far as I am aware , has not previously been set forth , that only those animals capable of speech are capable of laughter , and that therefore man, being the only animal that speaks , is the only animal that laughs.
我试图提出一种理论,这种理论就我所知,还未曾有人提出过,那就是:只有能说话的动物才会笑。人是唯一能说话的.动物,所以也是唯一会笑的动物。
二、后置翻译的方法
1.后置译法一
结构较为复杂的定语从句,经常翻译为后置的并列分句,在多数情况下要重点的翻译先行词,当句子不长时,出于某种原因需要强调先行词时,也需要重译先行词。
【例】
Two factors are particularly important in the history of inventions .One is the part played by inspiration , which can be far more vital than that of careful research.
在发明史上有两个因素特别重要。其一是灵感的作用,这可能比苦心钻研的作用要重要的多。
Days and nights are very long on the moon , where one day is as long as two weeks on the earth.
在月亮上,白天和黑天都相当长,月亮上的一天等于地球上的两周。
2.后置译法二
有些定语从句汉译时翻译成后置成分,但不可重译先行词,译文仍然符合汉语*惯。
I was contemptuously dismissed as a novice who had not read the great first volume of Marx’s Capital.
他们轻蔑地说我是个新手,连马克思的《资本论》第一卷这部重要著作也没读过。
Both picnics and barbeques are friendly , informal social events that offer an opportunity to enjoy a meal outside in pleasant surroundings.
野餐和烧烤都是友情洋溢、不拘礼节的社交活动,可以让大家在户外一个怡情的环境里高高兴兴地美餐一顿。
【拓展】
所谓复杂的定语从句,是指一个句子带有两个或两个以上定语从句的结构。这类定语从句在结构上与先行词的关系比较复杂,有如下几种形式:
1.自由式定语从句
自由式定语从句是指一个句子中两个或两个以上不同成分带定语从句的情况。这种从句的先行词没有固定模式,在句中充当不同的句子成分,故该结构中的定语从句称为自由式定语从句。它们拆开来看,其实就是一个一个简单的定语从句,因此,其翻译也和简单的定语从句相同。
如:
Thus the Arab Umayyed dynasty of caliphs, which had moved the capital from Medine to Damascus in 661, came to be regarded with much justification as a parasitic clique that had outlived its usefulness once the conquests were completed.
人们开始理由充分地认为,*伍麦叶里发王朝是征服战争完成后毫无作用的一个寄生集团;伍麦叶王朝曾于661年从麦地那迁都大马士革。
该句中由which和that 引出两个定语从句,分别修饰做主语用的the Arab Umayyed dynasty of caliphs 和作宾语用的 a parasitic clique,翻译时一个被译成并列句,一个被译成定语。
2.嵌套式定语从句
嵌套式定语从句是指一个句子中定语从句套定语从句的情况。这种结构中的定语从句其实和自由式定语从句基本相似,拆开来也是一个独立的定语从句,只不过一个定语从句在另一个定语从句之中而已。因此,其翻译也与简单的定语从句相同。这里也仅举一例加以说明:
一主二仆式定语从句是指一个先行词带有两个或两个以上定语从句的情况。该结构中的定语从句比较规范,均修饰一个先行词,在翻译时,虽然也遵循一般定语从句的翻译技巧和方法,但还有其独特的地方。归纳起来,有如下几种情况:
1)译成定语 可以把两个定语从句译成并列的定语,也可译成分开的定语修饰先地词,或分别修饰重复的先行词。
and the old ways of earning a living rivalled by new agricultural techniques, by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strane machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power
古老的谋生之道正受到新的农业技术、新的贸易、新的行业的挑战;这种新贸易是与世界上一向无人知晓的地区进行的贸易,而种种新行业则是使用一些无需传统的人力畜力驱动、可节省劳动力的奇特机遇。(并列的定语)
Almost everything which really * and which the world possessed at the commencement of the modern age was already known to man at the dawn of history.
*代史开始时,世界拥有的每一项重大成就,已为历史发端期的人们所知晓。(分开的定语)
And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited ony by the Western Europeans.
现在分词作定语从句
现在分词是分词的一种,分词又分为现在分词和过去分词,它们都是非限定动词,现在分词在句子里面不能单独充当谓语,但能充当其它的一些成分。下面是小编为大家整理的现在分词作定语从句,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
现在分词作定语从句
I.ing 形式作定语
1. 现在分词作前置定语时,在逻辑上与所修饰的名词之间为主谓关系,也可改成定语从句;如果与所修饰的名词之间没有主谓关系,定语相当于一个介词for引导的短语。现在分词位于所修饰的名词之后做后置定语,与所修饰的名词之间呈逻辑上的主谓关系,相当于一个定语从句。如:a listening child= a child who is listening, a walking stick= a stick for walking.
2. 现在分词作定语往往表示“令人”,主动的或正在进行的动作。如:a moving film, a developing country.
II. ing 形式作状语
动词-ing形式在句子中做状语,表示的动作是主语动作的一部分,与谓语动词表示的动作或状态是同时或者几乎同时发生的,经常可以做时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步状语从句。句子的主语必须是状语的逻辑主语;而且主语与作状语的分词之间呈逻辑上的主谓关系。
1.原因状语,相当于原因状语从句。
1).Being ill, she didn’t go to school today.
因为生病,她今天没上学去。
2). Seeing no one at home, I decided to come again.
看见没有人在家,我决定再来一趟。
2. 时间状语,相当于when, while等引导的从句。
1).Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.
当听到这个好消息时,他高兴地跳了起来。
2).Walking in the street, I saw a friend of mine.
当我走在街上时,我看到了我的朋友。
如果分词短语表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生,常在分词短语前加上when或while。
3).Be careful when crossing the street.
过街时小心。
3. 伴随状语,与谓语所表示的动作同时发生。
1).He sat at the table reading China Daily.
他坐在桌子旁看《*日报》。
2).Talking and smiling, they went into the room.
他们又说又笑地走进房间。
4. 结果状语。
1).The mother died, leaving a lot of money for her children.
母亲去世了,给她的孩子留下了一大笔钱。
5. 条件状语。
Turning right, you will find the place you want.
往右转弯,你就会找到你要找的地方了。
III.现在分词短语作状语时,它的逻辑主语一般须与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。
1).Seeing from the top of the hill, we can see our beautiful school.
从山顶望下去,我们就能看到我们美丽的学校。
但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语,独立主语=逻辑主语+现在分词表示伴随,时间、原因,条件。
2).Many people being absent, they decided to put the meeting off.
由于许多人都缺*了,他们决定取消这次会议。
IV. 现在分词的否定形式。
现在分词的否定式:not+ v.ing
完成式的否定式:not+ having done
Not having heard from her son for a long time, the mother worried a great deal.
由于很久没有收到儿子的来信,这位母亲很担心。
V. 现在分词的.时态和语态的用法。
1). 分词一般式表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作一般同时进行时,则用分词的一般式形式。
He walked on the street, seeing back from time to time.
他走在街上,不时地向身后看看
2). 如果分词所表示的动作先于谓语动词发生,则用分词的完成式形式。
Having finished his work, Henry went home.
完成了他的工作后,亨利回家了。
语法聚焦预*自测
定语从句中的先行词
什么是定于从句,定语从句的先行词有哪些呢?下面是小编整理的定语从句中的先行词,欢迎大家阅读参考,希望帮助到大家。
定语从句中的先行词
定语从句,是用于修饰名词或代词的一个具有完整主谓结构的句子。被修饰名词或代词在定语从句前面,称为先行词。引导定语从句的连词,称为关系词,关系词包括关系代词与关系副词。
1. 一个词(名词或代词)
【真题例句】For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances ,who must in turn influence theirs,and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.
【考点】Who 引导定语从句修饰前面的名词acquaintances。
【翻译】不过,要出现某个社会潮流,每个被这样影响的人必须接着去影响自己认识的人,而这些人反过来再去影响他们认识的人,如此循环下去。其他人中有多少人注意到这些人,几乎与最初的影响者没有什么关系。
2. 一个短语
【真题例句】During the past generation, the America middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.
【考点】句子的主干是the America middle-class family...has been transformed 。That引导定语从句修饰the America middle-class family,即先行词是名词短语the America middle-class family 。
【翻译】上一代,经济危机和新实现使曾经靠努力工作和公*竞争来保持收入稳定的美国中产阶级家庭发生了改变。
3. 一个从句
【真题例句】The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.
【考点】本句中which引导的定语从句修饰的不是the process of thought或he structure of language,而是整个宾语the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,它所表达的'是一种观点,即which指代这种观点。
【翻译】希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在某种联系。这一观点早在人们意识到语言的千差万
别之前早已在欧洲扎下了根。
4. 一个完整的句子
【真题例句】When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shape is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily dismissed as unjust.
【考点】which引导非限定性定语从句,修饰When the court...is inescapably political。
【翻译】当法院处理社会决策时,它定制的法律不可避免地具有政治性—这也就是为什么不同意识形态的决策容易被认为是不公*的而不予考虑。
定语从句知识
一、定义:
在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
二、特点:
1.先行词:定语从句所修饰的名词或代词
2. 关联词:
1)引出定语从句,并作从句的一个成分。可作主语、宾语、定语、状语,作宾语可省略。
2)关联词包括关系代词和关系副词。关联词位于先行词和定语从句之间。
关系代词:that, which, who, whom, whose代指先行词。
关系副词:when, where, why作时间状语。
三、基本结构:
先行词+关联词+定语从句剩余部分
定语从句引导词的用法
定语从句,一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后进行修饰限定,就叫做定语从句。下面是小编分享给大家的定语从句引导词的用法,希望对大家有帮助。
1、定语从句:定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面.
2、关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词.关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有where, when, why等.关系词常有3个作用:1,引导定语从句.2,代替先行词.3,在定语从句中担当一个成分.
3、定语:定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示.主要由形容词担任.此外,名词,代词,数词,分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语.短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语.
(一) 限定性定语从句
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略.而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing ,few, all, none, little, some等不定代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等,这时的that常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的'主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样.
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话.
(二)非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师.
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园.
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍.
3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦.
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发.
4. 有时as也可用作关系代词
5. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系副词why和关系代词that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物.;
(三)关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人,在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略.
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略.
如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which.
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略.
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
关于定语从句引导词做成分
定语从句中引导词的选用主要看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分或者是定语。以下是小编收集整理了,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that; 关系副词有where, when, why。它们都在定语从句中担任句子成分。确定定语从句的引导词,可以帮助学生弄清句子结构,提高语言表达的准确性。
定语从句如果修饰人
常常用关系代词who,有时也用that(作主语时多用who)。
He is a man who / that often helps others. 他是一位经常帮助别人的人。
如果这个关系代词在从句中作宾语, 就应当用whom或that, 但这种情况往往都可以把引导词省略,且在口语中可用who代替whom。
Here is the man (whom / that / who) you would like to see. 这就是你想见的那个人。
值得注意的是,如果是在介词的后面就只能用whom。
The boy to whom I spoke is my brother. 刚才和我说话的那个男孩是我弟弟。
如果表示“……的”时,就用who的所有格whose。例如:
Is there anyone in our class whose father is a doctor? 我们班有谁的父亲是当医生的吗?
whose的先行词也可是物。
The house whose windows face the street is my uncle‘s. 窗户面朝街的那座房子是我叔叔的。
定语从句如果修饰“物”
用关系代词that的时候较多,有时也用which。
It‘s a com*r which / that costs six thousand yuan. 这是一台价值六千元的电脑。
当这个代词在从句中用作宾语时,往往都会把它省略。
The present(that / which) you gave me is very beautiful. 你给我的那件礼物非常漂亮。
在介词的后面只能用which。
This is the book about which they are talking. 这就是他们正在谈论的那本书。
定语从句修饰一个表示时间的词时,用关系副词when。
I will never forget the day when I met her. 我将永远不会忘记我见到她的那一天。
定语从句修饰地点名词时,用关系副词where。
This is the place where we lived for five years. 这就是我们曾经住过五年的地方。
定语从句修饰一个表示原因的词时,用关系副词why。
I know the reason why she didn‘t come yesterday. 我知道她昨天没来的原因。
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
he is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2) whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:
they rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
a prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)
the package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语,关系副词引导的定语从句。
1)when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地,英语语法《关系副词引导的定语从句》。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做选行词,而引导定语从句的词叫引导词,有关系代词和关系副词两类。
懂得什么样的先行词后用什么样的引导词是学好定语从句的关键。
介词短语做后置定语 现在分词短语做后置定语 后置定语的句子 动名词短语做后置定语 形容词短语做后置定语 过去分词短语做后置定语 形容词短语作后置定语 古诗词里定语后置的标志词 古诗词里定语后置的标志词语 介词短语后置 介宾短语后置句 介宾短语后置 介词短语后置句 定语前置的古诗词 定语在句子中的位置 分词短语做定语 形容词短语做定语 动宾短语做定语 古诗状语后置的例句 介宾短语做定语 正补短语做定语 古诗句中的状语前置或后置 过去分词短语做定语 定语前置的古诗文句子有 分词短语作定语 名词短语作定语 有定语的句子 介词短语作定语 名词作定语的句子 形容词作定语的句子
后置定语英语短句 定语后置和主语从句 定语从句的介词前置 定语从句where先行词的用法 介词后面定语从句 现在分词作定语从句 后置定语从句 定语从句什么是先行词 定语从句先行词是those 什么叫做定语从句 定语从句中的先行词 什么是定语从句先行词 定语从句先行词做主语 定语后置与定语从句 注册公司的前置和后置许可有什么不同 定语从句的后置翻译法讲解 后置定语从句例子 when定语从句先行词 定语从句where的先行词 定语及定语从句 什么是介词短语做定语 英语名词作定语与形容词作定语的区别 定语从句先行词例子 后置定语写成定语从句 定语从句引导词及用法 that做主语的定语从句 定语从句不定代词 后置定语和定语从句 定语从句引导词的用法 关于定语从句引导词做成分
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